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\"This book focuses on urbanization and state formation in middle Tyrrhenian Italy during the first millennium BC by analyzing settlement organization and territorial patterns in Rome and Latium vetus from the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era. In contrast with the traditional diffusionist view, which holds that the idea of the city was introduced to the West via Greek and Phoenician colonists from the more developed Near East, this book demonstrates important local developments towards higher complexity, dating to at least the beginning of the Early Iron Age, if not earlier. By adopting a multidisciplinary and multitheoretical framework, this book overcomes the old debate between exogenous and endogenous by suggesting a network approach that sees Mediterranean urbanization as the product of reciprocal catalyzing actions\"-- Provided by publisher.

A long tradition of scholarship has focused attention on imports and exotic objects coming from the eastern regions of the Mediterranean (so-called exotica) and found in central Italy already during the late Early Iron Age and more commonly during the Orientalizing period. Most of these studies investigated the significance and value of these objects as indicators of far-reaching trade and connections between the eastern and western regions of the Mediterranean. In addition, these studies have considered their role as agents of social interaction and therefore as catalysts for social differentiation and stratification in the western regions, which are generally considered to be less advanced than the eastern ones. This paper takes a long-term perspective by analyzing imports from burial contexts in Latium vetus from the end of the Final Bronze Age to the end of the Orientalizing period. By studying circulation patterns both in terms of gender and age dimensions (in combination with spatial analysis), this study argues that it is possible to detect new, female-specific networks and spheres of interaction between local peoples and external agents. These patterns were previously unnoticed or underestimated in scholarship due to gender biases and preconceptions.

The period between the Final Bronze Age/beginning of the Early Iron Age and the end of the Archaic Age is a time of changes and developments in the Italian Peninsula which led to the creation of regional ethnic and political groups and to the formation of the first city-states in Western Europe. This process of urbanization has been deeply investigated and the changes occurred in the settlement organization, political structure, economy and society have been largely recognised and debated. However, changes that affected society at a deeper and more intimate level, such as family history and children and women lives,

TheRemembering the Deadproject excavated at Cisterna Grande, one of the cemetery areas of ancientCrustumerium, near Rome in central Italy between 2004 and 2008¹. The ancient town ofCrustumeriumwas located in the Tiber valley about ten kilometres north of Rome. It was one of Rome’s Latin rivals inLatium vetus. The site of the town was settled permanently during the Early Iron Age (Latial Period IIB/III) in the ninth and eighth century BC². By the sixth century BC the maximum extent of the urban occupation had been reached in the town area³. The town appears to reach

The frontier between Gubbio (ancient Umbria) and Perugia (ancient Etruria), in the northeast part of the modern region of Umbria, was founded in the late sixth century bc. The frontier endured in different forms, most notably in the late antique and medieval periods, as well as fleetingly in 1944, and is fossilized today in the local government boundaries. Archaeological, documentary and philological evidence are brought together to investigate different scales of time that vary from millennia to single days in the representation of a frontier that captured a watershed of geological origins. The foundation of the frontier appears to have been a product of the active agency of the Etruscans, who projected new settlements across the Tiber in the course of the sixth century bc, protected at the outer limit of their territory by the naturally defended farmstead of Col di Marzo. The immediate environs of the ancient abbey of Montelabate have been studied intensively by targeted, systematic and geophysical survey in conjunction with excavation, work that is still in progress. An overview of the development of the frontier is presented here, employing the data currently available. La frontiera tra Gubbio (antica Umbria) e Perugia (antica Etruria), nella parte nordorientale della moderna Umbria, è stata fondata nel tardo VI secolo a.C. La frontiera resistette in forme diverse, più significativamente nei periodi tardo-antico e medievale, altrettanto fugacemente nel 1944, ed è fossilizzata oggi nei locali confini amministrativi. L'evidenza archeologica, documentaria e filologica sono messe insieme per analizzare differenti scale di periodo che variano da millenni ai singoli giorni nella rappresentazione di una frontiera che catturava uno spartiacque di origini geologiche. La fondazione della frontiera appare essere stata il risultato di una mediazione attiva degli Etruschi, che proiettavano nuovi insediamenti attraverso il Tevere nel corso del VI secolo a.C., protetti verso i limiti più esterni del loro territorio dalla fattoria naturalmente difesa di Col di Marzo. Gli immediati dintorni dell'antica abbazia di Montelabate sono stati studiati intensivamente da una ricognizione mirata, sistematica e geofisica, unitamente ad uno scavo, tuttora in corso. Qui viene presentato uno sguardo sullo sviluppo della frontiera, includendo i dati attualmente disponibili.