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The purpose of the research was to examine the relationship between ranking of success and match analysis parameters, and to develop a regression formula to understand the effectiveness of these parameters on league score in the season of 2018- 2019 Turkish Spor Toto Football Super League. A total of 306 competitions in the league consisting of 18 teams in the season of 2018-2019 were examined. The parameters used in the current research were total, high intensity, and sprint running distances with or without ball, number of successful shots and passes, ball possessions in the first, second and third regions, and points earned at the end of the season. In accordance with the findings, the most related parameters to the league score were total running distance with ball, and the number of successful shots and passes p<0.01) and high intensity running distance with or without ball, sprint running distance, successful passes, and shots were mostly seen in the third region in the season of 2018-2019 Turkish Spor Toto Football Super League. The multivariate linear regression analysis F(7,10)=6.05, p=0.0058 was found statistically significant, and showed that 68 % of the variance in the dependent variable (R2 adjusted=0.68) was explained by the ratio of high intensity running distance with ball to high intensity running distance, sprint distance with ball to sprint distance, and the number successful shots and passes. Future studies may also examine the match location, defensive parameters, opposing teams, and other match analysis parameters.

Tax policies are one of the governmental tools used for economic intervention to prevent income inequality. The percentage of total tax revenues comprised of indirect taxes has risen in developing countries such as Türkiye since the 1980s. The effect this development has had on income inequality, which was already high, has attracted great attention recently. The aim of this study is to examine the effect indirect taxes have on income distribution in the Turkish economy. The study seeks an answer to the question of whether or not indirect taxes have an effect on income distribution. The study additionally researches the effects indirect taxes have on growth, which has provided a theoretical foundation in favor of indirect taxes. To do this, the study adopts long-term and short-term estimation methods. ARDL bounds test approach to examine how indirect and direct taxes have affected income inequality and economic growth in Türkiye over the 1992-2021 period. The study only looks at indirect taxes comprised from the value-added tax (VAT) and tariffs due to the data adequacy requirements for empirical tests. According to the study’s long-term forecast results, an increase in inflation rate leads to a rise in inequality and a decrease in economic growth. An increase in direct taxes is associated with a reduction in inequality with no statistically significant effect on economic expansion. In contrast, an increase in indirect taxes was found to increase both inequality and economic growth. Increases in customs duties contribute to both a reduction in inequality and a boost in economic growth. Furthermore, an increase in the VAT rate was identified to have negative effects on both income inequality and economic growth. Lastly, an increase in the budget deficit has been linked to an increase in income inequality with no statistically significant impact on economic growth.

Devletlerin gelir dağılımı eşitsizliğini gidermek için ekonomiye müdahale araçlarından biri vergi politikalarıdır. 1980 sonrası dönemde, Türkiye'nin de dahil olduğu gelişmekte olan ülkelerde, dolaylı vergilerin toplam vergi gelirleri içindeki payı yükselmiştir. Bu gelişmenin hâlihazırda yüksek olan gelir dağılımı eşitsizliği üzerindeki etkisi son dönemlerde öne çıkan araştırma konularından biri olmuştur. Çalışmanın amacı; Türkiye ekonomisinde dolaylı vergilerin gelir dağılımı üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmada \"dolaylı vergilerin gelir dağılımına etkisi bulunmakta mıdır?\" sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Ayrıca, çalışmada dolaylı vergilerin yaygınlaşmasına teorik gerekçe oluşturan büyüme üzerindeki etkiler de araştırılmıştır. Türkiye'de 1992-2021 döneminde dolaylı vergilerin ve dolaysız vergilerin gelir eşitsizliği ile ekonomik büyümeyi nasıl etkilediği uzun dönem ve kısa dönem tahmin yöntemleriyle incelenmektir. Bu çerçevede, çalışmada iki farklı model kullanılmıştır. İlki GINI katsayısının bağımsız değişken, gümrük vergileri, KDV, enflasyon, dolaylı vergiler, dolaysız vergiler ve bütçe açığının bağımlı değişkenler olduğu GINI modeli, ikincisi GSYH'nin bağımsız değişken olduğu ve bağımlı değişkenlerin değişmediği GSYİH modelidir. Her iki modelde de bütçe açığı dışındaki tüm değişkenlerin doğal logaritması alınarak ARDL yaklaşımı ile modeller sınanmıştır. Dolaylı vergiler içerisinde sadece verilerin analiz için yeterli sayıda olduğu KDV ve Gümrük vergileri dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmanın uzun dönem tahmin sonuçlarına göre; enflasyon oranındaki artış eşitsizliği artırırken büyümeyi azaltmaktadır. Dolaysız vergilerdeki artış eşitsizliği azaltırken büyüme üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır. Dolaylı vergilerdeki artış hem eşitsizliği hem de büyümeyi artırmaktadır. Gümrük vergilerindeki artış eşitsizliği azaltırken büyümeyi artırmaktadır. KDV oranındaki artış ise hem eşitsizliği hem de büyümeyi azaltmaktadır. Bütçe açığındaki artış eşitsizliği artırırken, büyüme üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi tespit edilmemiştir.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of noncoding, functional RNAs. With recent developments in molecular biology, miRNA detection has attracted significant interest, as hundreds of miRNAs and their expression levels have shown to be linked to various diseases such as infections, cardiovascular disorders and cancers. A powerful and high throughput tool for nucleic acid detection is the DNA microarray technology. However, conventional methods do not meet the demands in sensitivity and specificity, presenting significant challenges for the adaptation of miRNA detection for diagnostic applications. In this study, we developed a highly sensitive and multiplexed digital microarray using plasmonic gold nanorods as labels. For proof of concept studies, we conducted experiments with two miRNAs, miRNA-451a (miR-451) and miRNA-223-3p (miR-223). We demonstrated improvements in sensitivity in comparison to traditional end-point assays that employ capture on solid phase support, by implementing real-time tracking of the target molecules on the sensor surface. Particle tracking overcomes the sensitivity limitations for detection of low-abundance biomarkers in the presence of low-affinity but high-abundance background molecules, where endpoint assays fall short. The absolute lowest measured concentration was 100 aM. The measured detection limit being well above the blank samples, we performed theoretical calculations for an extrapolated limit of detection (LOD). The dynamic tracking improved the extrapolated LODs from femtomolar range to ∼  10 attomolar (less than 1300 copies in 0.2 ml of sample) for both miRNAs and the total incubation time was decreased from 5 h to 35 min.

Introduction: Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency that requires rapid and accurate management. SE is a condition in which the mechanisms that terminate seizures fail or the mechanisms that lead to abnormally prolonged seizures are activated. Refractory SE (RSE) refers to ongoing seizure activity despite adequate treatment with benzodiazepines and at least one non-benzodiazepine anticonvulsant. Super-RSE is defined as SE that continues for 24 hours or longer. Methods: This review outlines the current clinical definitions, management protocols, and therapeutic strategies for SE, with a focus on pediatric patients. Initial assessment and stabilization should be performed promptly, including mandatory evaluation of the patient’s blood glucose and other electrolite levels. Appropriate dextrose treatment should be administered to patients with hypoglycemia. Following the initial assessment, first-line treatments-such as intravenous diazepam, intramuscular midazolam, or rectal diazepam-should be administered based on vascular access and body weight. If the patient does not respond to first-line treatments and the seizures persist, second-line treatments-such as levetiracetam, phenytoin, valproic acid, or phenobarbital-should be selected and administered by the physician. Patients unresponsive to second-line therapy should be managed in a pediatric intensive care unit in collaboration with a pediatric neurologist. For patients unresponsive to second-line therapies, third-line treatments may include continuous infusions of midazolam, ketamine, thiopental, or propofol. There is no standardized protocol for transitioning from continuous infusion therapy to intermittent therapy. Results: In cases of RSE where autoinflammatory or autoimmune processes, or cryptogenic new-onset RSE are suspected, immunomodulatory therapies (such as corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, etc.) should be considered. Other therapies like ketogenic diet, hypothermia, and neurosurgery may be applied in selected patients. Continuous electroencephalography monitoring should be used in the management of status epilepticus. Conclusion: Mortality due to status epilepticus can be as high as 3%, because of these patients to be followed up jointly by pediatric neurologist and pediatric intensivist and to be monitored in the pediatric intensive care unit.

[LANGUAGE=”English”]Stroke is a disease whose differential diagnosis is not easy because its symptoms and signs can be seen in many neurologic diseases. When neurological examination, clinical findings and radiological imaging are evaluated together, neurological complications can be minimized with early diagnosis and treatment. Our aim is to increase stroke awareness by emphasizing the importance of time in pediatric acute stroke management and to remind the role of stroke team formation and multidisciplinary approach in early diagnosis and treatment.[LANGUAGE=”Turkish”]İnme; semptom ve bulgularının birçok nörolojik hastalıkta görülebilmesi nedeniyle ayırıcı tanısı kolay olmayan bir hastalıktır. Nörolojik muayene, klinik bulgular ve radyolojik görüntüleme birlikte değerlendirildiğinde erken tanı ve tedavi ile mortalite ve morbidite en aza indirilebilir. Amacımız, pediyatrik akut inme yönetiminde zamanın önemini vurgulayarak inme farkındalığını artırmak, inme ekibi oluşturulmasının ve multidisipliner yaklaşımın erken tanı ve tedavideki rolünü hatırlatmaktır.

Protein microarrays have gained popularity as an attractive tool for various fields, including drug and biomarker development, and diagnostics. Thus, multiplexed binding affinity measurements in microarray format has become crucial. The preparation of microarray-based protein assays relies on precise dispensing of probe solutions to achieve efficient immobilization onto an active surface. The prohibitively high cost of equipment and the need for trained personnel to operate high complexity robotic spotters for microarray fabrication are significant detriments for researchers, especially for small laboratories with limited resources. Here, we present a low-cost, instrument-free dispensing technique by which users who are familiar with micropipetting can manually create multiplexed protein assays that show improved capture efficiency and noise level in comparison to that of the robotically spotted assays. In this study, we compare the efficiency of manually and robotically dispensed α-lactalbumin probe spots by analyzing the binding kinetics obtained from the interaction with anti-α-lactalbumin antibodies, using the interferometric reflectance imaging sensor platform. We show that the protein arrays prepared by micropipette manual spotting meet and exceed the performance of those prepared by state-of-the-art robotic spotters. These instrument-free protein assays have a higher binding signal (~4-fold improvement) and a ~3-fold better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in binding curves, when compared to the data acquired by averaging 75 robotic spots corresponding to the same effective sensor surface area. We demonstrate the potential of determining antigen-antibody binding coefficients in a 24-multiplexed chip format with less than 5% measurement error.

[LANGUAGE=”English”]IntroductionStatus epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency that requires rapid and accurate management. SE is a condition in which the mechanisms that terminate seizures fail or the mechanisms that lead to abnormally prolonged seizures are activated. Refractory SE (RSE) refers to ongoing seizure activity despite adequate treatment with benzodiazepines and at least one non-benzodiazepine anticonvulsant. Super-RSE is defined as SE that continues for 24 hours or longer.MethodsThis review outlines the current clinical definitions, management protocols, and therapeutic strategies for SE, with a focus on pediatric patients. Initial assessment and stabilization should be performed promptly, including mandatory evaluation of the patient’s blood glucose and other electrolite levels. Appropriate dextrose treatment should be administered to patients with hypoglycemia. Following the initial assessment, first-line treatments-such as intravenous diazepam, intramuscular midazolam, or rectal diazepam-should be administered based on vascular access and body weight. If the patient does not respond to first-line treatments and the seizures persist, second-line treatments-such as levetiracetam, phenytoin, valproic acid, or phenobarbital-should be selected and administered by the physician. Patients unresponsive to second-line therapy should be managed in a pediatric intensive care unit in collaboration with a pediatric neurologist. For patients unresponsive to second-line therapies, third-line treatments may include continuous infusions of midazolam, ketamine, thiopental, or propofol. There is no standardized protocol for transitioning from continuous infusion therapy to intermittent therapy.ResultsIn cases of RSE where autoinflammatory or autoimmune processes, or cryptogenic new-onset RSE are suspected, immunomodulatory therapies (such as corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, etc.) should be considered. Other therapies like ketogenic diet, hypothermia, and neurosurgery may be applied in selected patients. Continuous electroencephalography monitoring should be used in the management of status epilepticus.ConclusionMortality due to status epilepticus can be as high as 3%, because of these patients to be followed up jointly by pediatric neurologist and pediatric intensivist and to be monitored in the pediatric intensive care unit.[LANGUAGE=”Turkish”]GirişStatus epileptikus (SE); çocuklarda en sık görülen nörolojik acildir. SE, nöbetin sonlandırılmasını sağlayan mekanizmaların başarısızlığı veya anormal derecede uzun süreli nöbetlere yol açan mekanizmaların başlatılması durumudur. Refrakter SE (RSE); yeterli benzodiazepin ve en az bir benzodiazepin olmayan antikonvülzan tedavi uygulamasına rağmen devam eden nöbet aktivitesidir. Süper RSE ise 24 saat veya daha uzun süre devam eden SE olarak tanımlanır.YöntemlerBu çalışma, çocuk hastalarda SE’nin klinik tanımlarını, yönetim protokollerini ve tedavi stratejilerini özetlemektedir. Öncelikle ilk değerlendirme ve stabilizasyon yapılıp, kan şekeri dahil, tüm elektrolitler kontrol edilmelidir. Birincil basamak tedaviler; intravenöz diazepam, intramusküler midazolam veya rektal diazepam olup, hastanın damar yolu varlığına ve vücut ağırlığına göre uygun ilaç tercih edilmelidir. Birincil basamak tedavilere yanıt vermeyen, nöbeti devam eden hastalara ikincil basamak tedaviler olarak; levetirasetam, fenitoin, valproik asit veya fenobarbitalden bir tanesi seçilerek verilebilir. İkincil basamak tedavilere yanıt vermeyen hastalara üçüncül basamak tedaviler midazolam, ketamin, tiyopental veya propofol sürekli infüzyonlarından bir tanesi uygulanabilir.BulgularRSE etiyolojisinde otoenflamatuvar, otoimmün süreçler veya kriptojenik yeni başlangıçlı RSE düşünüldüğü zaman immün modülatör tedaviler (kortikosteroid, intravenöz immünglobulin, plazmaferez vb.) göz önüne alınmalıdır. Ketojenik diyet, hipotermi ve nörocerrahi gibi diğer tedaviler seçili hastalarda uygulanmaktadır. SE monitörizasyonunda sürekli elektroensefalografi kullanılmalıdır.SonuçSE bağlı mortalite %3’e varan oranda değişmekte, bu nedenle bu hastaların çocuk nöroloji ve çocuk yoğun bakımla ortak takip edilmesi ve yoğun bakımda izlenmesi uygundur.