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It has been shown that BRAF(V600E) mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) is associated both with pathogenesis and poor prognosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship of the BRAF(V600E) mutation and the established prognostic factors in a cohort of Turkish patients with PTC. Forty-six cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma have been evaluated for the presence of BRAF(V600E) mutation. BRAF(V600E) has been examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism. BRAF(V600E) mutation status has been compared with well-known histopathological and clinical prognostic parameters such as invasion of thyroid capsule, extrathyroidal extension, and the presence of lymph node and/or distant metastasis. We have found that BRAF(V600E) mutation was present in the majority of our cases (40/46). Considering the stage of the disease, five of the negative cases were in stage 1 while the remaining one was in stage 2. Only one BRAF(V600E) negative case has shown extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis. All four patients with distant metastasis had BRAF(V600E) mutation. Statistical analyses revealed that there are no significant relationship between the BRAF(V600E) mutation and the established prognostic factors. We found a relatively higher BRAF(V600E) mutation rate in classical type PTC than in other similar studies. We think that the limited number of our cases may either weaken or mask some potentially important relationship between BRAF(V600E) mutation and the established prognostic factors.

Background. This report aims to discuss the mechanism of pleural and pericardial effusion related to mifamurtide which is an immunological agent used as adjuvant chemotherapy in osteosarcoma. Case. Mifamurtide (2 mg/m < sup > 2 < /sup > ) and European and American Osteosarcoma Studies (EURAMOS) protocol were used together intravenously after complete surgical resection. No side effects occurred except for fever after the first dose. However, pleural, pericardial effusion, and splenic nodule formation began 11 months after discontinuation of mifamurtide treatment. Pleural biopsy revealed a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction. We treated the patient with 1,5 mg per day colchicine. Pericardial effusion attacks and nodules in the spleen disappeared. The patient had a mild pleural effusion attack which has not yet repeated. Conclusion. Mifamurtide, which activates macrophages, can also activate immunity with a stand by effect and cause a hypersensitivity reaction.

A male fetus with a gestational age of 15 weeks with abdominal muscular and umbilical cord vessel anomalies in addition to urinary system anomalies is presented in this article. The association of Prune belly syndrome characterized with urinary system anomalies and abdominal muscular hypoplasia/agenesis with multicystic renal dysplasia is well known. This case is presented because the association of horse shoe kidney with this syndrome has not been reported before.

Mucinous colorectal carcinoma with signet ring cell component is investigated the clinicopathological and prognostic features in this study. 741 patients underwent resection due to colorectal carcinoma in our university hospital between 1994 and 2008 years. Mucinous carcinoma were seen in 99 patients. All pathology slides of mucinous carcinoma patients were re-examined. Lymphatic invasion, necrosis and ulceration have been assessed. Clinicopathologic features, survival times and statistical results were compared with mucinous carcinoma with signet ring cell component and without signet ring cell component in the study. Lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis were more frequent in mucinous carcinoma with signet ring cell component than mucinous carcinoma without signet ring cell component. (%32&%16 p=0.019) (p<.0001) Mucinous carcinoma with signet ring cell component patients were %31.3 of mucinous carcinoma patients. Mucinous carcinoma patients were T3 and T4 tumours. Signet ring cells appear with extracellular mucin production. Signet ring cell component in mucinous cancer patients increases lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis. Distant metastases are more frequent in signet ring cell component patients. There were no statistically significant difference between patients on necrosis, ulceration, depth of invasion and tumor location. 5 years survive in signet ring cell component patients were %46.4 and in mucinous carcinoma without signet ring cell component was %59.4. In conclusion signet ring cell component was evaluated as a poor prognosis factor in mucinous carcinoma patients.

Prevention of secondary infection is currently the main goal of treatment for acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Colon was considered as the main origin of secondary infection. Our aim was to investigate whether prophylactic total colectomy would reduce the rate of bacterial translocation and infection of pancreatic necrosis. Forty-two Sprague–Dawley rats were used. Pancreatitis was created by ductal infusion of sodium taurocholate. Rats were divided into four groups: group-1, laparotomy + pancreatic ductal infusion of saline; group-2, laparotomy + pancreatic ductal infusion of sodium taurocholate; group-3, total colectomy + pancreatic ductal infusion of saline; and group-4, total colectomy + pancreatic ductal infusion of sodium taurocholate. Forty-eight hours later, tissue and blood samples were collected for microbiological and histopathological analysis. Total colectomy caused small bowel bacterial overgrowth with gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms. Bacterial count of gram-negative rods in the small intestine and pancreatic tissue in rats with colectomy and acute pancreatitis were significantly higher than in rats with acute pancreatitis only (group-2 versus group-4; small bowel, p  = <0.001; pancreas, p  = 0.002). Significant correlation was found between proximal small bowel bacterial overgrowth and pancreatic infection ( r  = 0,836, p  = 0.001). In acute pancreatitis, prophylactic total colectomy (which can mimic colonic cleansing and reduction of colonic flora) induces small bowel bacterial overgrowth, which is associated with increased bacterial translocation to the pancreas.

Mucocele of the appendix secondary to endometriosis is extremely rare situation. Most of the patients are asymptomatic in mucocele of appendix and appendiceal endometriosis, but they usually present acute appendicitis-like symptoms. Mucocele may be associated with either benign or malignant process. Simple mucocele of the appendix is caused by a variety of obstructive lesions such as postinflamation, fecaliths and endometriosis. The rupture of mucocele may lead to development of pseudomyxoma peritonei. Treatment is variable, extending from simple appendectomy to more aggressive therapies. In this case we present a simple mucocele of appendix secondary to endometriosis of the appendix.

We aimed to perform histopathological analysis of models of experimental uveitis (EU) induced with bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions at various doses in order to determine the most appropriate dose of BSA. Right eyes of four rabbits were used. Three different BSA solutions were prepared: 100 μg/0.1 ml, 1 mg/0.1 ml and 10 mg/0.1 ml BSA solutions were applied intravitreally to the first rabbit, second rabbit and third rabbit respectively. Fourth rabbit was used as control. Uveitis formation was followed clinically and angiographically. Rabbits were sacrificed and eyes were enucleated at the end of the first week for histopathological analysis. In the first rabbit, mild anterior uveitic signs were seen. In the second rabbit, there was a moderate inflammation in the vitreous, retina and choroidea, as well as severe inflammatory cell infiltration in the ciliary tissue. In the third rabbit, there was a severe inflammatory reaction and congestion in the ciliary tissue. Severe inflammatory cell infiltration in the vitreous, retina and choroidea was also seen. The results suggested that intravitreal application of a single dose of 1 mg/0.1 ml BSA solution may induce a significant posterior uveitic reaction both angiographically and histopathologically.

It has been shown that BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) is associated both with pathogenesis and poor prognosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship of the BRAF V600E mutation and the established prognostic factors in a cohort of Turkish patients with PTC. Forty-six cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma have been evaluated for the presence of BRAF V600E mutation. BRAF V600E has been examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism. BRAF V600E mutation status has been compared with well-known histopathological and clinical prognostic parameters such as invasion of thyroid capsule, extrathyroidal extension, and the presence of lymph node and/or distant metastasis. We have found that BRAF V600E mutation was present in the majority of our cases (40/46). Considering the stage of the disease, five of the negative cases were in stage 1 while the remaining one was in stage 2. Only one BRAF V600E negative case has shown extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis. All four patients with distant metastasis had BRAF V600E mutation. Statistical analyses revealed that there are no significant relationship between the BRAF V600E mutation and the established prognostic factors. We found a relatively higher BRAF V600E mutation rate in classical type PTC than in other similar studies. We think that the limited number of our cases may either weaken or mask some potentially important relationship between BRAF V600E mutation and the established prognostic factors.

There are scarce data regarding the significance of the tumor size, hormonal activity and size of the pituitary tumor of the young; therefore, the study was designed to define the relation of the hormonal status of the large pituitary adenomas. We compared those features with tumors of the elderly (>40) with the young patients, and analyzed the clinicopathologic and proliferative features of pituitary macroadenomas in young adulthood (≤40). 20-year archives of pituitary tumors in our clinics were reviewed and macroadenomas with diameter ≥3cm were included in the study. We identified 46 pituitary adenomas and immunohistochemically stained them with pituitary hormones, p53 and Ki-67. Twenty-four cases were ≤40-year with an age range of 11–40 years (mean 28.0). Twenty-two cases were >40 with an age range of 44–78 years (mean 58.8). In the young patient group, 15 (62.5%) were functional adenomas (6 prolactinomas, six growth hormone [GH], one adrenocorticotrophic hormone [ACTH] adenoma, two multihormonal [GH+ACTH]) and nine (37.5%) were either gonadotrophic or null cell adenomas. In the elderly group, five (22.7%) were functional adenomas (two adrenocorticotrophic hormone [ACTH] adenoma, one prolactinoma, one growth hormone [GH], one multihormonal [GH+ACTH]) and 17 (77.3%) were either gonadotrophic or null cell adenomas. Ki-67 proliferation index in adenomas of the young was approximately two-folds higher than the elderly (2.7% vs. 1.2%). In both groups, rare p53 positivity was identified. In conclusion, pituitary macroadenomas of the young show hormonal expression frequently with relatively high Ki-67 proliferation indices.