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Introduction The objectives of this study were to assess the associations among various physical and mental chronic conditions and napping. In addition to sleeping at night, increasing evidence shows that napping may also have real power to relieve physical fatigue and restore alertness. Napping is therefore highly recommended by public health authorities, especially to avoid/compensate for sleep debt and prevent sleep-related road/work accidents and comorbi diseases.To our knowledge, a specific interview on napping and sleep has never been administered to a prospective dataset of subjects to clarify how concise napping characteristics (i.e., the duration and the frequency on weekends and on weekdays) may be associated with chronic diseases. Methods A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was proposed within the NutriNet-Santé population-based e-cohort launched in France in 2009. Participants were 43,060 French volunteers aged 18 y and over with Internet access. A self-report questionnaire assessing sleep characteristics was administered in 2014. The main outcome (dependent) variable was weekday or weekend napping (yes/no). The main exposure (independent) variables were overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes, anxiety and depressive disorders, incident major cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina), and incident cancer (breast and prostate). The associations of interest were investigated with multivariable logistic regression analysis. We found that napping was more common among males (46.1%) than among females 36.9% (p<0.0001). Results The tests for interaction by sex were not statistically significant, so all models were fit in the full sample. The adjusted associations between different chronic diseases and napping showed that Individuals who were overweight or obese or had hypertension, diabetes (type 1 and 2), or depression or anxiety disorders had a significantly increased likelihood of napping compared with individuals without these disorders. The adjusted ORs ranged from 1.14 to 1.28. No significant associations were found between major CVD or breast or prostate cancer and napping. Conclusion Future longitudinal analyses are needed to elucidate causality Support (If Any)