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The wild and the variant alleles of the C936T and G634C vascular endothelial grow factor ( VEGF ) polymorphisms seem to be linked to higher angiogenic phenotype than the remaining alleles and may act on breast cancer (BC) origin. We investigated the influence of the VEGF C936T and G634C polymorphisms on the occurrence and clinicopathologic characteristics of sporadic breast cancer (SBC) in 235 patients and 235 controls. Peripheral blood samples of all individuals were analysed by the polymerase chain reaction for identification of genotypes and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantification of serum VEGF levels. The variant 634CC genotype isolated (16.2% versus 10.7%, P   = 0.01) and in combination with the wild 936CC genotype (10.6% versus 5.5%, P   = 0.01) were more common in patients than in controls. The carriers of the respective genotypes were under a 2.20-fold and a 3.08-fold increased risks for the disease. Additionally, the frequency of the wild 936CC genotype was higher in patients with tumours of histological grade III compared to those with tumours of I+II histological grades (84.0% versus 64.7%, P   = 0.004) and in patients with positive oestrogen receptor tumours compared to those with tumours lacking oestrogen receptor expression (84.7% versus 73.9%, P   = 0.02). Similar serum values of VEGF were seen in patients and controls with the distinct genotypes of the VEGF . The data suggest that the VEGF wild 936CC and the variant 634CC genotypes constitute inherited determinants of SBC and SBC aggressiveness in Brazil, but are not significant predictors of circulating VEGF levels.

Background Knowledge of HBV genotype is very important for clinical treatment. Studies have suggested possible pathogenic and therapeutic differences among HBV genotypes. The aim of this study was to determine HBV subtypes and genotypes in HBV-infected patients in our region (southeast Brazil) and to correlate results with clinical and histopathological data. Methods One hundred and thirty-nine HBsAg-positive patients were included in the study. All patients were anti-HCV and anti-HIV negative (64% male; mean age 42 ± 14.5 years; range 7-80 years; 84% Caucasian) and were followed up at the University Hospital. A method for genotyping and subtyping HBV by partial HBsAg gene sequencing with primers common to all known genotypes was used. The viral load was measured by Amplicor Monitor assay (Roche). Results HBV genotype A was the most prevalent (55%), while genotypes C, D and F were found in 3%, 38% and 4% of HBV-infected patients, respectively. Among the patients infected by genotype A, 18.3% (14/76) were African descendents and, among the patients infected by genotype D, 11.3% (6/53) were also African descendents. In the four patients infected with genotype C, 2 were Asian descendents and 2 were Caucasians. All (7) genotype F infected patients were Caucasians. Seventy percent of our HBsAg-positive patients were HBeAg negative (62% genotypes A; 26.2% D; 7.1% C and 4.7%F). The viral load of HBV-DNA was about 5 times higher in HBeAg-positive than in HBeAg-negative patients. About 40% of these patients had alanine aminotransferase of up to 1.5 times the normal level. The mean stage of fibrosis in genotype A patients (2.8) was significantly higher than the mean stage of fibrosis in genotype D patients (2.0) (P = 0.0179). Conclusion The genotypes encountered in our HBV-infected patients were apparently a consequence of the types of immigration that occurred in our region, where European and African descendents predominate. The HBeAg-negative status predominated, possibly due to the length of time of infection. The viral load in HBeAg-positive patients was higher than in HBeAg-negative individuals. The fibrosis grade in genotype A-infected patients was more advanced than genotype D-infected patients.

Background More than 50% of hepatitis C viruses (HCV)-infected patients do not respond to the classical Interferon (IFN)/Ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of retreatment with Peg-Interferon alpha-2b (PEG-IFN alpha-2b) plus RBV, in patients with HCV, genotypes 1 or 3, who were non-responders to the previous standard treatment with IFN/RBV. Methods In the period 2005-2007, a total of 238 HCV chronic patients were non-responders to previous treatment with IFN plus RBV. Of these 130 agreed to be retreated with PEG-IFN alpha-2b and participated in this evaluation (90 with genotype 1 HCV and 40 with genotype 3 HCV). Patients were retreated at assisted IFN application hubs in compliance with the country's public health system rules. They received subcutaneous PEG-IFN alpha-2b, 1.5 μg, once weekly, associated with RBV, through the oral route, with doses determined according to weight (1,000 mg if weight ≤ 75 kg and 1,250 mg if > 75 kg). Patients with genotype 1 HCV were retreated for over 48 weeks and patients with genotype 3 HCV for over 24 weeks. HCV-RNA was tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at baseline, at week 12, at the end of the treatment, and 6 months thereafter. The predictiveness of week 12 in the development of a sustained virologic response (SVR) was also evaluated. Patients with negative HCV-RNA at week 12 were considered as early virologic responders (EVR). Results EVR was observed in 25% of the patients with genotype 1 HCV and in 64% of the patients genotype 3 HCV (risk = 2.075 and p-value = 0.0414). SVR was observed in 22.2% of the patients with genotype 1 HCV and in 40% with genotype 3 HCV (intention-to-treat analysis). The positive predictive value (PPV) of the HCV-RNA testing at week 12, in order to obtain the SVR, was 65% for genotype 1 and 56% for genotype 3, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 88% for genotype 1 and 89% for genotype 3. Conclusions PEG-IFN alpha-2b plus weight-based ribavirin is effective in re-treating previous interferon-α plus RBV failure; 22.2% of the patients with genotype 1 HCV and 40% of patients with genotype 3 HCV achieved SVR.

We investigated the influence of the polymorphism D104N of the COL18A1 gene, encoding endostatin, on the occurrence of sporadic breast cancer in 181 patients and 448 controls. The homozygous 104NN polymorphism was found in five patients but was absent in controls (2.8% vs 0.0%; P = 0.002). Individuals with this genotype had a significantly increased risk for disease. Our results suggest, for the first time, that the homozygous 104NN polymorphism, even at low frequency, constitutes an important inherited determinant of the disease.

A case of a pregnant patient with chronic hepatitis C who gave birth to monozygotic twins that were infected with HCV is reported. One of the newborns was positive for HCV-RNA in blood sample collected 12 hours after delivery. The other newborn was negative for HCV-RNA at birth, but was detected HCV viremia at three months of age. The results have led to the conclusion that one of the twins was probably contaminated in the intrauterine period, while the other acquired the infection in the perinatal period. Both were negative for HCV-RNA and for anti-HCV in the serum samples collected at nine months of age. The report describes the changes in the laboratory tests conducted in mother and twins until 29 months after delivery. É relatado o caso de paciente grávida, com hepatite C crônica que deu à luz dois gêmeos monozigóticos. Um recém-nascido apresentou positividade para o RNA do vírus da hepatite C (RNA-VHC), no sangue venoso, coletado de veia periférica doze horas após o parto. O outro recém-nascido apresentou-se negativo para o RNA-VHC logo após o nascimento, porém tornou-se RNA-VHC positivo na amostra coletada aos três meses de idade. Os resultados permitem supor que um dos gêmeos provavelmente foi contaminado no período intra-uterino, enquanto o outro adquiriu a infecção no período perinatal. Ambos foram negativos para a presença do RNA-VHC e para os anticorpos anti-HCV em todas as amostras séricas coletadas após os nove meses de idade. Os exames laboratoriais dos gêmeos não mostraram a presença de infecção crônica pelo VHC durante o acompanhamento de 29 meses .

Screening blood donations for anti-HCV antibodies and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels generally prevents the transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by transfusion. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) screening policy in identifying potentially infectious blood donors capable to transmit hepatitis C through blood transfusion. We have used a reverse transcriptase (RT)-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate the presence of HCV-RNA in blood donors. The prevalence of HCV-RNA positive individuals was compared with the recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA-2) results in order to assess the usefulness of both tests as confirmatory assays. Both tests results were also compared with the EIA-2 OD/C ratio (optical densities of the samples divided by the cut off value). ALT results were expressed as the ALT quotient (qALT), calculated dividing the ALT value of the samples by the maximum normal value (53UI/l) for the method. Donors (n=178) were divided into five groups according to their EIA anti-HCV status and qALT: group A (EIA > or = 3, ALT<1), group B (EIA > or = 3, ALT>1), group C (1<=EIA<3, ALT<1), group D (1<=EIA<3, ALT>1) and group E (EIA<=0.7). HCV sequences were detected by RT-nested PCR, using primers for the most conserved region of viral genome. RIBA-2 was applied to the same samples. In group A (n=6), all samples were positive by RT-nested PCR and RIBA-2. Among 124 samples in group B, 120 (96.8%) were RIBA-2 positive and 4 (3.2%) were RIBA-2 indeterminate but were seropositive for antigen c22.3. In group B, 109 (87.9%) of the RIBA-2 positive samples were also RT-nested PCR positive, as well as were all RIBA-2 indeterminate samples. In group C, all samples (n=9) were RT-nested PCR negative: 4 (44.4%) were also RIBA-2 negative, 4 (44.4%) were RIBA-2 positive and 1 (11.1%) was RIBA-2 indeterminate. HCV-RNA was detected by RT-nested PCR in 3 (37.5%) out of 8 samples in group D. Only one of them was also RIBA-2 positive, all the others were RIBA-2 indeterminate. All of the group E samples (controls) were RT- nested PCR and RIBA-2 negative. Our study suggests a strong relation between anti-HCV EIA-2 ratio > or = 3 and detectable HCV-RNA by RT-nested PCR. We have also noted that blood donors with RIBA-2 indeterminate presented a high degree of detectable HCV-RNA using RT-nested PCR (75%), especially when the c22.3 band was detected. Na prevenção da transmissão de Hepatite por Vírus C (HCV) em transfusões de hemocomponentes, utiliza-se rotineiramente, como testes de triagem de doadores de sangue, ensaios que detectam anticorpos anti-HCV e dosagens da enzima alanina-aminotransferase (ALT). O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar a eficiência do ensaio imunoenzimático de segunda geração (EIA-2) como teste de triagem, na identificação de doadores de sangue potencialmente infectados, e portanto, capazes de transmitir hepatite C pelos hemocomponentes. Nós utilizamos o ensaio de transcrição reversa (RT) e a reação em cadeia da polimerase \"nested\" («nested PCR») para investigar a presença do RNA do vírus da hepatite C (HCV) em doadores de sangue. A prevalência do RNA-HCV em indivíduos positivos foi comparada com os resultados do ensaio complementar imunoblot recombinante de segunda geração (RIBA-2) com o intuito de avaliar a utilidade de ambos como testes confirmatórios. Estes dois testes também foram comparados com a razão DO/C (valores de densidade óptica das amostras dividida pelo valor de corte da reação) no EIA-2. Os resultados das dosagens da ALT foram expressos como uma razão unitária denominada qALT, que representa o cálculo do valor do ALT da amostra dividido pelo valor máximo considerado normal para o teste (53UI/L). Os doadores de sangue foram divididos em cinco grupos de acordo com os resultados do EIA-2 e o qALT: grupo A (EIA > ou = 3, ALT<1), grupo B (EIA > ou = 3, ALT>1), grupo C (1<=EIA<3, ALT<1), grupo D (1<=EIA<3, ALT>1) e grupo E (EIA<=0,7). As seqüências do HCV foram detectadas por RT-nested PCR, utilizando-se os \"primers\" da região mais conservada do genoma viral. O teste RIBA-2 foi aplicado nas mesmas amostras. No grupo A (n=6) todas as amostras foram positivas para o RT-nested PCR e RIBA-2. Entre as 124 amostras do grupo B, 120 (96,8%) eram RIBA-2 positivas e 4 (3,2%) eram RIBA-2 indeterminadas mas positivas para o antígeno c22.3. No grupo B, as 109 amostras (87,9%) RIBA-2 positivas também apresentaram RT-nested PCR positivas, bem como todas as amostras com RIBA-2 indeterminadas. No grupo C, todas as amostras (n=9) foram RT-nested PCR negativas: 4 (44,4%) apresentaram também RIBA-2 negativa enquanto que 4 (44,4%) foram RIBA-2 positivas e 1(11,1%) foi RIBA-2 indeterminada. O RNA-VHC foi detectado por RT-nested PCR em 3 (37,5%) das 8 amostras do grupo D. Todas as amostras do grupo E (controle) foram RT-nested PCR e RIBA-2 negativas. Nosso estudo sugere uma forte relação entre a razão anti-HCV EIA-2 > ou = 3 e a positividade do RNA-HCV por RT-nested PCR. Nós também pudemos observar que os doadores de sangue com RIBA-2 indeterminados apresentaram um alto grau de positividade no RT-nested PCR (75%), especialmente quando está presente a banda correspondente ao antígeno c22.3.

TTV is a recently discovered DNA virus, isolated from a patient with post-transfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology by Japanese researchers. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of TTV among chronic liver diseases patients in São Paulo and Pará states, representing two geographically distinct Brazilian regions. TTV DNA was found in 21/105 (20%) and 9/20 (45%) cases from São Paulo and Pará States, respectively. DNA sequence data confirmed the presence of TTV genotypes 1a and 2a, as well as other genotypes not yet described. In conclusion, TTV is present in chronic liver diseases cases from Southeast and North Brazil. However, further studies involving healthy populations are necessary before establishing any causal relationship among TTV and human hepatitis. TTV é um vírus DNA recentemente descoberto no Japão a partir de um paciente portador de hepatite pós-transfusional de origem desconhecida. Neste estudo, avaliamos a presença deste vírus em pacientes com hepatopatias crônicas dos estados de São Paulo e do Pará, representando duas regiões geograficamente diferentes. O DNA do TTV foi encontrado em 21/105 (20%) e 9/20 (45%) dos casos de São Paulo e do Pará, respectivamente. O seqüenciamento do DNA amplificado confirmou a presença dos genótipos 1a e 2a , bem como de outros genótipos ainda não descritos até o momento. Em conclusão, TTV está presente em casos de hepatopatias crônicas do Sudeste e do Norte do Brasil. Por outro lado, maiores estudos ainda são necessários antes de se estabelecer relação causal entre o TTV e a hepatite em seres humanos.

Between 1992 and 1997, 790 blood donors with anti-HCV EIA-2 strongly reagent (relationship between the sample optical density/cut-off > 3) detected at the blood bank serological screening, were evaluated in ambulatory environment. They were all negative for Chagas disease, syphilis, hepatitis B (HBsAg) and AIDS. Blood samples were collected at the first ambulatorial evaluation, for hemogram, biochemical tests and new serological tests for HCV (anti-HCV EIA-2). In blood samples of 226 repeatedly reagent anti-HCV EIA-2 blood donors, supplementary \"immunoblot\" test for HCV (RIBA-2) was used. In 209 donors, the presence of HCV-RNA was investigated by the PCR test. The abdominal ultrasonography was realized in 366 donors. In 269 patients liver biopsy was performed for the histopathological study. The follow-up of blood donors showed that 95.6% were repeatedly EIA-2 reagent, 94% were symptomless and denied any hepatitis history, with only 2% mentioning previous jaundice. In 47% of this population at least one risk factor has been detected for the HCV transmission, the use of intravenous drugs being the main one (27.8%). Blood transfusion was the second factor for HCV transmission (27.2%). Hepatomegaly was detected in 54% of the cases. Splenomegaly and signs of portal hypertension have seldom been found in the physical examination, indicating a low degree of hepatic compromising in HCV. Abdominal ultrasound showed alterations in 65% of the subjects, being the steatosis the most frequent (50%). In 83.5% of the donors submitted to the liver biopsy, the histopathological exam showed the presence of chronic hepatitis, usually classified as active (89%) with mild or moderate grade in most of the cases (99.5%). The histopathological exam of the liver was normal in 1.5% of blood donors. The RIBA-2 test and the HCV-RNA investigation by PCR were positive in respectively 91.6 and 75% of the anti-HCV EIA-2 reagent donors. The HCV-RNA research was positive in 82% of the RIBA-2 positive subjects, in 37.5% of the indeterminate RIBA-2 donors and in 9% of the negative RIBA-2 donors. Chronic hepatitis has also been observed in 50% of the histopathological exams of the anti-HCV EIA-2 reagent donors which were indeterminate RIBA-2. Among 18 blood donors with minimal changes histopathological exam 11 (61%) were HCV-RNA positive. Our blood donors anti-HCV reagent generally had clinical, laboratorial and histopathological features observed in patients with chronic HCV hepatitis and a high proportion could be identified in interviews and medical evaluation realized in blood blanks. Generally, these HCV infected donors are identified and discharged only by the serological tests results.Entre 1992 e 1997 foram avaliados, ambulatorialmente, 790 doadores de sangue com teste anti-HCV EIA-2 fortemente reagente (relação entre a densidade ótica da amostra / \"cut-off\" > 3), que haviam sido detectados na triagem sorológica do banco de sangue. Todos eram negativos para doença de Chagas, sífilis, hepatite B (HBsAg) e AIDS. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas, na primeira consulta ambulatorial, para a realização de hemograma, exames bioquímicos e novos testes sorológicos para a HVC (anti-HCV EIA-2). Em 226 doadores anti-HCV EIA-2 repetidamente reagentes, realizou-se o teste suplementar de \"immunoblot\" para a HVC (RIBA-2). Em 209 doadores, pesquisou-se a presença do RNA do VHC pelo teste do PCR, através de exame automatizado (HCV-AMPLICOR, ROCHE). A ultra-sonografia abdominal foi realizada em 366 doadores e a biópsia hepática em 269 concordantes. Notou-se que 95,6% eram EIA-2 repetidamente reagentes, 94% eram assintomáticos e que apenas 2% referiram icterícia pregressa. Em 47% detectou-se, pelo menos, um fator de risco para a transmissão do VHC, sendo o uso de drogas E.V. o principal deles (27,8%). A transfusão de sangue foi o segundo fator na transmissão da HVC (27,2%). Hepatomegalia foi encontrada em 54%. Esplenomegalia e sinais de hipertensão portal foram raramente encontrados no exame físico, denotando o baixo grau de comprometimento hepático na HVC. A ultra-sonografia abdominal mostrou-se alterada em 65% dos indivíduos, sendo a esteatose a alteração mais freqüentemente observada (50%). Em 83,5% dos doadores submetidos à biópsia hepática, diagnosticou-se hepatite crônica, geralmente classificada como ativa (89%) e de grau leve ou moderado na maioria dos casos (99,5%). O histopatológico foi normal em 1,5% dos doadores. O teste de RIBA-2 e a pesquisa do RNA do VHC pelo PCR foram positivos em, respectivamente, 91,6 e 75% dos doadores anti-HCV EIA-2 reagentes. A pesquisa do RNA do VHC foi positiva em 82% dos indivíduos RIBA-2 reagentes, em 37,5% dos doadores RIBA-2 indeterminados e em 9% dos RIBA-2 negativos. Hepatite crônica foi observada em 50% dos doadores RIBA-2 indeterminados. Entre 18 doadores com alterações mínimas, ao exame histopatológico, 11 (61%) eram positivos para o RNA do VHC. Nossos doadores de sangue anti-HCV reagentes geralmente apresentam alterações clínicas, laboratoriais e histopatológicas próprias de pacientes com hepatites crônicas pelo VHC e uma elevada proporção destes podem ser identificados em entrevistas e avaliação médicas rotineiramente realizadas em bancos de sangue. Geralmente estes doadores infectados pelo VHC somente são identificados e bloqueados pelos resultados dos testes sorológicos.

Between 1992 and 1997, 790 blood donors with anti-HCV EIA-2 strongly reagent (relationship between the sample optical density/cut-off > 3) detected at the blood bank serological screening, were evaluated in ambulatory environment. They were all negative for Chagas disease, syphilis, hepatitis B (HBsAg) and AIDS. Blood samples were collected at the first ambulatorial evaluation, for hemogram, biochemical tests and new serological tests for HCV (anti-HCV EIA-2). In blood samples of 226 repeatedly reagent anti-HCV EIA-2 blood donors, supplementary \"immunoblot\" test for HCV (RIBA-2) was used. In 209 donors, the presence of HCV-RNA was investigated by the PCR test. The abdominal ultrasonography was realized in 366 donors. In 269 patients liver biopsy was performed for the histopathological study. The follow-up of blood donors showed that 95.6% were repeatedly EIA-2 reagent, 94% were symptomless and denied any hepatitis history, with only 2% mentioning previous jaundice. In 47% of this population at least one risk factor has been detected for the HCV transmission, the use of intravenous drugs being the main one (27.8%). Blood transfusion was the second factor for HCV transmission (27.2%). Hepatomegaly was detected in 54% of the cases. Splenomegaly and signs of portal hypertension have seldom been found in the physical examination, indicating a low degree of hepatic compromising in HCV. Abdominal ultrasound showed alterations in 65% of the subjects, being the steatosis the most frequent (50%). In 83.5% of the donors submitted to the liver biopsy, the histopathological exam showed the presence of chronic hepatitis, usually classified as active (89%) with mild or moderate grade in most of the cases (99.5%). The histopathological exam of the liver was normal in 1.5% of blood donors. The RIBA-2 test and the HCV-RNA investigation by PCR were positive in respectively 91.6 and 75% of the anti-HCV EIA-2 reagent donors. The HCV-RNA research was positive in 82% of the RIBA-2 positive subjects, in 37.5% of the indeterminate RIBA-2 donors and in 9% of the negative RIBA-2 donors. Chronic hepatitis has also been observed in 50% of the histopathological exams of the anti-HCV EIA-2 reagent donors which were indeterminate RIBA-2. Among 18 blood donors with minimal changes histopathological exam 11 (61%) were HCV-RNA positive. Our blood donors anti-HCV reagent generally had clinical, laboratorial and histopathological features observed in patients with chronic HCV hepatitis and a high proportion could be identified in interviews and medical evaluation realized in blood blanks. Generally, these HCV infected donors are identified and discharged only by the serological tests results. Entre 1992 e 1997 foram avaliados, ambulatorialmente, 790 doadores de sangue com teste anti-HCV EIA-2 fortemente reagente (relação entre a densidade ótica da amostra / \"cut-off\" > 3), que haviam sido detectados na triagem sorológica do banco de sangue. Todos eram negativos para doença de Chagas, sífilis, hepatite B (HBsAg) e AIDS. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas, na primeira consulta ambulatorial, para a realização de hemograma, exames bioquímicos e novos testes sorológicos para a HVC (anti-HCV EIA-2). Em 226 doadores anti-HCV EIA-2 repetidamente reagentes, realizou-se o teste suplementar de \"immunoblot\" para a HVC (RIBA-2). Em 209 doadores, pesquisou-se a presença do RNA do VHC pelo teste do PCR, através de exame automatizado (HCV-AMPLICOR, ROCHE). A ultra-sonografia abdominal foi realizada em 366 doadores e a biópsia hepática em 269 concordantes. Notou-se que 95,6% eram EIA-2 repetidamente reagentes, 94% eram assintomáticos e que apenas 2% referiram icterícia pregressa. Em 47% detectou-se, pelo menos, um fator de risco para a transmissão do VHC, sendo o uso de drogas E.V. o principal deles (27,8%). A transfusão de sangue foi o segundo fator na transmissão da HVC (27,2%). Hepatomegalia foi encontrada em 54%. Esplenomegalia e sinais de hipertensão portal foram raramente encontrados no exame físico, denotando o baixo grau de comprometimento hepático na HVC. A ultra-sonografia abdominal mostrou-se alterada em 65% dos indivíduos, sendo a esteatose a alteração mais freqüentemente observada (50%). Em 83,5% dos doadores submetidos à biópsia hepática, diagnosticou-se hepatite crônica, geralmente classificada como ativa (89%) e de grau leve ou moderado na maioria dos casos (99,5%). O histopatológico foi normal em 1,5% dos doadores. O teste de RIBA-2 e a pesquisa do RNA do VHC pelo PCR foram positivos em, respectivamente, 91,6 e 75% dos doadores anti-HCV EIA-2 reagentes. A pesquisa do RNA do VHC foi positiva em 82% dos indivíduos RIBA-2 reagentes, em 37,5% dos doadores RIBA-2 indeterminados e em 9% dos RIBA-2 negativos. Hepatite crônica foi observada em 50% dos doadores RIBA-2 indeterminados. Entre 18 doadores com alterações mínimas, ao exame histopatológico, 11 (61%) eram positivos para o RNA do VHC. Nossos doadores de sangue anti-HCV reagentes geralmente apresentam alterações clínicas, laboratoriais e histopatológicas próprias de pacientes com hepatites crônicas pelo VHC e uma elevada proporção destes podem ser identificados em entrevistas e avaliação médicas rotineiramente realizadas em bancos de sangue. Geralmente estes doadores infectados pelo VHC somente são identificados e bloqueados pelos resultados dos testes sorológicos.

TTV is a recently discovered DNA virus, isolated from a patient with post-transfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology by Japanese researchers. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of TTV among chronic liver diseases patients in São Paulo and Pará states, representing two geographically distinct Brazilian regions. TTV DNA was found in 21/105 (20%) and 9/20 (45%) cases from São Paulo and Pará States, respectively. DNA sequence data confirmed the presence of TTV genotypes 1a and 2a, as well as other genotypes not yet described. In conclusion, TTV is present in chronic liver diseases cases from Southeast and North Brazil. However, further studies involving healthy populations are necessary before establishing any causal relationship among TTV and human hepatitis.