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Spiking neural networks can exhibit complex emergent dynamics, but the credibility of spatially explicit agent-based implementations depends on systematic verification and validation (V&V). This study introduces LANA (Local Adaptive Neural Agents), an agent-based spiking neural network in which neurons, propagating signals, directed synapses, and a diffusive environmental field are represented as distinct interacting components. We present a five-level V&V framework spanning operator-level tests, single-neuron mechanisms, propagation behavior, network-level dynamics, and sensitivity/robustness analysis. Across 13 predefined tests and approximately 2000 simulation runs, the model satisfied all prespecified pass criteria: synaptic delays reproduced the expected propagation law exactly, environmental decay and diffusion matched analytical expectations, threshold and refractory mechanisms behaved as predicted, inhibition suppressed firing monotonically, and environmental coupling induced a transition toward higher variability and oscillatory-like activity. Matched-seed comparisons further showed that explicit signal transport and environmental feedback substantially amplify activity relative to a neuron-only baseline while leaving synaptic delay propagation unchanged. Additional regime and lesion experiments demonstrated distinct resting, hyperexcitable, and focal-lesion states, with the lesion condition producing an acute decline followed by only partial recovery. Together, these results provide a transparent V&V baseline for LANA and illustrate how agent-based spiking models can be tested and interpreted across multiple scales.

This paper presents the findings of a study on digital maturity in higher education institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Empirical research was conducted in 2020. Teachers from eight public higher education institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina were included in the sample. The findings revealed that digital transformation has been ongoing in these institutions for some time, that some results have been achieved, but that digital maturity has not yet been attained. The findings also revealed barriers that must be overcome in order to accelerate digitalization and reap the anticipated benefits.

This paper aims to determine whether the DeLone and McLean information system success model (D&M model) can be used to evaluate the quality of Enterprise Resource Planning system (ERP system). The study examines the dimensions of the D&M model, adapted for empirical evaluation of ERP system quality by end-users of ERP systems in enterprises. The quality of ERP systems is measured by comparing answers to questions that serve to determine the degree of quality of each dimension of ERP system quality. The research was conducted on 335 medium and large companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, for which it has been confirmed in the pilot research to have an ERP system that they have used for more than two years. A survey questionnaire is used to investigate the quality of the ERP system from the perspective of the middle and top management of the companies that use information from the ERP system for decision making. The empirical research has confirmed that the D&M model of information system success, with some adjustments, can be used to investigate the quality of ERP systems. The main limitation of the research is the lack of a database of companies using ERP systems that makes the data collection phase more difficult and more complex. Regardless of this, the proposed model can be used to evaluate the quality of ERP systems, but also some other types of information systems in future research, such as BI and CRM systems

Social networks allow real-time interaction that enhances a bank’s ability to respond to customers in a timely, intuitive and personalized manner. By using social networks, banks can improve the understanding of their clients and bank’s products they need. Also, banks can enhance relations with clients and strengthen their brand through raising client loyalty. The paper explores and analyses the current presence of banks in Bosnia and Herzegovina on social networks. The paper studies the presence of 24 banks in Bosnia and Herzegovina on social networks and analyses the basic characteristics of profiles/pages of the banks on the most popular social networks. A half of the banks have their profiles/pages on different social networks (mostly on Facebook and YouTube). They use the profiles/pages mainly for content marketing, i.e. for presenting their business operations. Unfortunately, banks do not encourage interaction with clients, except through likes. The analysis does not show that banks have a systematized and planned appearance on social networks. There is a plenty of room for improvement, and it is necessary primarily to address the interaction between clients and banks through social networks.

Agent-based neural models often encode transmission within neuron state updates, which can make it difficult to separately log and quantify spatial recruitment patterns, delay structure, and environment-mediated feedback effects. We present LANA (Local Adaptive Neural Agents), a dual-agent neural agent-based model in which neurons and propagating signals are represented as distinct interacting entities embedded in a dynamic environmental field. The model combines discrete leaky integrate-and-fire neuron dynamics, mobile signal agents, synaptic links with distance-dependent delays, and a bounded environment-to-neuron feedback mechanism. LANA is intended as a normalized phenomenological mesoscopic framework for mechanism-level comparison rather than as a circuit-specific biophysical reconstruction. To support interpretability and reproducibility, we report a compact internal verification block for the implemented operators, including delay propagation, environmental decay and diffusion, threshold activation, and refractory enforcement. We then compare the full LANA model against a matched neuron-only baseline and summarize spatial recruitment using first-spike maps, cumulative recruitment times, and wavefront speed as a secondary descriptive metric. Finally, we evaluate two controlled operating regimes, a resting regime (S1) and a hyperexcitable regime (S2), under fixed network size, stimulation schedule, and matched random seeds. Relative to the baseline, the full model sustains and spreads activity more effectively and provides spatially resolved recruitment summaries, including first-spike timing and cumulative recruitment measures, that are not available in the same form when transmission is represented only through neuron-level updates. Relative to S1, S2 exhibits earlier activation, higher firing activity, stronger environmental accumulation, and faster cumulative recruitment. Local and factorial sensitivity analyses further identify the parameters that most strongly govern these regime differences. Together, these results position LANA as a normalized mesoscopic and computationally tractable framework for studying how excitability, transport state dynamics, delayed coupling, and environment-mediated feedback jointly shape emergent activity in controlled simulation settings.

This article analyses the presence and activity on the field of social media in the countries that belonged to the same state in the past: Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH), Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia - these named as Western Balkan Countries (WBCs) - and, Slovenia and Croatia as EU member states. The authors have analysed the official profiles of the respective countries on social media and calculated the Facebook Assessment Index (FAI) for WBCs, and Croatia and Slovenia as a benchmark. The results show that Twitter and Facebook are the most used social media. In WBCs group, the FAI index could not be calculated for BIH and Serbia, while the other two countries had high index values. Benchmark countries have lower values but they are significantly highlighted by individual sub-indices. The governments of the researched countries mostly publish promotional information about their work. Consequently, they have a relatively small number of friends/followers/subscribers and comments/shares/likes on social media. Therefore, these countries fail to use the full potential of social media to increase visibility and transparency of their work and to ensure communication channel for idea and information exchange between government and citizens, making the public policies design more inclusive and increasing trust between government and citizens. The findings provide an insight into the nature of activity on social media in WBCs. While FAI scores show that WBCs do not lag far behind established benchmarks, the research proves that some of the weights proposed in the literature and used in the calculation of FAI index are too simplified to adequately evaluate posts on the Facebook pages. Hence, this article contributes above all to the awareness regarding further potentials and the interdisciplinary aspects of stately social media usage, in theory and practice alike.

Education and employment stakeholders worldwide have increasingly acknowledged the need to teach students soft skills to improve their academic performance and long-term prospects. Soft skills are transferable across jobs and industries and related to personal and social competencies. Their development aims to empower and increase personal growth and learning participation and improve job opportunities. Given their central role in shaping students’ educational experiences, teachers must be well-versed in the value of cultivating soft skills and awareness of the necessity to incorporate their study into various curricular frameworks. As a result, this article investigates whether business schools adequately prepare their students for the soft skills demanded by today’s labor market. Business teachers in Bosnia and Herzegovina were the subjects of the survey. The findings indicate that teachers recognize the value of teaching students soft skills but that current curricula may be strengthened in this area.

This paper aims to determine whether the DeLone and McLean information system success model (D&M model) can be used to evaluate the quality of Enterprise Resource Planning system (ERP system). The study examines the dimensions of the D&M model, adapted for empirical evaluation of ERP system quality by end-users of ERP systems in enterprises. The quality of ERP systems is measured by comparing answers to questions that serve to determine the degree of quality of each dimension of ERP system quality. The research was conducted on 335 medium and large companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, for which it has been confirmed in the pilot research to have an ERP system that they have used for more than two years. A survey questionnaire is used to investigate the quality of the ERP system from the perspective of the middle and top management of the companies that use information from the ERP system for decision making.  The empirical research has confirmed that the D&M model of information system success, with some adjustments, can be used to investigate the quality of ERP systems. The main limitation of the research is the lack of a database of companies using ERP systems that makes the data collection phase more difficult and more complex. Regardless of this, the proposed model can be used to evaluate the quality of ERP systems, but also some other types of information systems in future research, such as BI and CRM systems.

Digital technology has become inseparable from all core and supportive processes because of the intensive use of different digital tools. The paper aimed to determine teachers’ views on the impact of digital technology on business processes in higher education institutions - whether they recognize the impact and how they evaluate it. The survey was conducted among the teachers of the public University in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results show that digital technology has a positive and mostly strong or medium impact on business processes in higher education institutions. The work on international research and educational projects and the teaching process are the most influenced by digital technology. It has a stronger impact on the core processes than on supportive activities. Teachers recognize the influence of digital transformation on all processes at universities, both core and supporting. The influence is stronger with core processes.

The wood processing industry is not immune to the ripple effects of information technology's constant and rapid growth. Companies from that industry are under more pressure than ever to use digital innovation to adapt to rapidly shifting markets, lead the charge in the energy transition, and speed up the implementation of Industry 4.0. The paper presents research on the digitalization of key processes in the wood processing companies that are members of the \"Herzegovina\" wood cluster. Questionnaires and interviews are used to obtain research data. According to the research findings, there is a difference in the degree of digitalization between the interior planning and design process, which has the highest level of digitalization, and the cutting, hauling, and transportation of lumber, which has the lowest level of digitalization. The findings show that, regardless of the process in issue, the formal environment for digitalization must be established by declaring digitalization as a strategic goal, redefining roles and responsibilities, and ensuring a constant financial flow.