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People living with HIV (PLWH) have a higher risk of herpes zoster (HZ) reactivation and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) compared to general population. Our study aims to evaluate prevalence of HZ reactivation and PHN after vaccination with recombinant vaccine (RZV) in a population living with HIV, and to identify risk factors associated with recurrence. We conducted an observational study, enrolling all PLWH ≥18 years old vaccinated with RZV from January 2022 to December 2023. A questionnaire was proposed to the subjects at least 6 months after vaccination, inquiring about previous history of HZ and PHN, and recurrence after vaccination. We collected demographic characteristics, comorbidities, viro-immunological status, and medications. We performed a descriptive analysis and univariate logistic regressions to investigate risk factors associated with HZ reactivation and PHN persistence. We included 223 subjects. We estimated the prevalence of events among 145 subjects: we recorded 54 subjects with pre-vaccination HZ (prevalence 37.24 % [IC 95 %: 29.36% – 45.65 %]) and 13 with post-vaccination HZ (prevalence 8.97 % [IC 95 %: 4.86 % - 14.84 %]). The prevalence of pre-vaccination PHN was 19.23 % [IC 95 %: 11.18 % - 29.73 %], with mean NRS 6.33 [IC 95 %: 4.9–7.76]; no case of PHN was recorded after vaccination. Evaluating risk factors related to post-vaccination HZ, we didn't find any association with viro-immunological status, clinical history of HIV infection, or concomitant medications. We correlate HZ and age (OR 1.06, CI 95 % 1.01–1.13, p-value 0.031), haematological (OR 9.60, CI 95 % 1.70–49.9, p-value 0.007), oncological (OR 5.36, CI 95 % 1.04–22.8, p-value 0.028), and hepatic comorbidities (OR 3.67, CI 95 % 1.10–12.0, p-value 0.030). This is the first real-world study that highlights the excellent clinical response to RZV, with a low prevalence of HZ reactivation and complete resolution of PHN after the vaccination. Moreover, we identified clinical conditions promoting the recurrence HZ after vaccination.

Background Lifestyles profoundly determine the quality of an individual’s health and life since his childhood. Many diseases in adulthood are avoidable if health-risk behaviors are identified and improved at an early stage of life. The aim of the present research was to characterize a cohort of children aged 6–8 years selected in order to perform an epidemiological molecular study (the MAPEC_LIFE study), investigate lifestyles of the children that could have effect on their health status, and assess possible association between lifestyles and socio-cultural factors. Methods A questionnaire composed of 148 questions was administered in two different seasons to parents of children attending 18 primary schools in five Italian cities (Torino, Brescia, Pisa, Perugia and Lecce) to obtain information regarding the criteria for exclusion from the study, demographic, anthropometric and health information on the children, as well as some aspects on their lifestyles and parental characteristics. The results were analyzed in order to assess the frequency of specific conditions among the different seasons and cities and the association between lifestyles and socio-economic factors. Results The final cohort was composed of 1,164 children (50.9 boys, 95.4% born in Italy). Frequency of some factors appeared different in terms of the survey season (physical activity in the open air, the ways of cooking certain foods) and among the various cities (parents’ level of education and rate of employment, sport, traffic near the home, type of heating, exposure to passive smoking, ways of cooking certain foods). Exposure to passive smoking and cooking fumes, obesity, residence in areas with heavy traffic, frequency of outdoor play and consumption of barbecued and fried foods were higher among children living in families with low educational and/or occupational level while children doing sports and consuming toasted bread were more frequent in families with high socio-economic level. Conclusions The socio-economic level seems to affect the lifestyles of children enrolled in the study including those that could cause health effects. Many factors are linked to the geographical area and may depend on environmental, cultural and social aspects of the city of residence.