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Previous studies on the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex have revealed a wide distribution of different subpopulations of less-known large neuron types, called “non-traditional large neurons”, which are distributed in three different zones of the granular layer. These neuron types are mainly involved in the formation of intrinsiccircuits inside the cerebellar cortex. A subpopulation of these neuron types is represented by the synarmotic neuron, which could play a projective role within the cerebellar circuitry. The synarmotic neuron cell body map within the internal zone of the granular layer or in the subjacent white substance. Furthermore, the axon crosses the granular layer and runs in the subcortical white substance, to reenter in an adjacent granular layer, associating two cortico-cerebellar regions of the same folium or of different folia, or could project to the intrinsic cerebellar nuclei. Therefore, along with the Purkinje neuron, the traditional projective neuron type of the cerebellar cortex, the synarmotic neuron is candidate to represent the second projective neuron type of the cerebellar cortex. Studies of chemical neuroanatomy evidenced a predominant inhibitory GABAergic nature of the synarmotic neuron, suggesting that it may mediate an inhibitory GABAergic output of cerebellar cortex within cortico-cortical interconnections or in projections towards intrinsic cerebellar nuclei. On this basis, the present minireview mainly focuses on the morphofunctional and neurochemical data of the synarmotic neuron, and explores its potential involvement in some forms of cerebellar ataxias.

In this context, we conducted an observational, case−control analysis to examine the severity of COVID-19-related perceived stress, anxiety, depressive, and psychotic symptoms in 205 patients with serious mental illness, 51 their first-degree relatives, and 205 non-psychiatric subjects after one-month lockdown. Descriptive statistics and comparisons between groups Patients Controls Caregivers PSS 16.3 ± 8.6 14.1 ± 6.9 p = 0.009 t403 = 2.64 Cohen's d = .26 13.6 ± 7.1 n.s. GAD-7 6.9 ± 5.4 5.5 ± 4.3 p = 0.01 t403 = 2.6 Cohen's d = .25 5.3 ± 4.1 n.s. PHQ-9 9.3 ± 6.2 6.2 ± 4.5 p < 0.0001 t403 = 5.9 Cohen's d = .55 4.2 ± 3.2 p = 0.003 t250 = 3.001 Hedges' g = .47 SPEQ-Paranoia 10.7 ± 16.3 3.8 ± 7.3 p < 0.0001 t403 = 5.47 Cohen's d = .54 2.7 ± 4.8 n.s. SPEQ-Grandiosity 2.4 ± 3.6 3.2 ±4 .0 p = 0.04 t403 = 2.05 Cohen's d = .20 1.5 ± 2.9 p = 0.006 t250 = 2.77 Hedges'g = .43 ZBI 20.4 ± 14.4 n.s., not significant; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; GAD-7, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder; PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; SPEQ, Specific Psychotic Experiences Questionnaire; ZBI, Zarit Burden Interview. Author contributions Felice Iasevoli made the literature search, designed the study, drafted the study protocol, obtained IRB approval, performed the data analysis, carried out data interpretation, wrote the first manuscript draft and its final version after the other Authors' evaluation and suggestions.

Purpose The aim of this study is to show that the differences among eating behaviours are related to the emotional dysregulation connected to the mental dimensions being part of the obese psychopathology. Eating behaviours can be considered a diagnostic feature at the initial screening for determining the obesity treatment: nutritional or bariatric surgery. Methods 1828 Obese subjects underwent psychiatric assessment before entering obesity nutritional treatment or bariatric surgery following the multidisciplinary programme. 1121 subjects were selected and enrolled in this study: 850 were inpatients visited or hospitalised at the Obesity Centre or at the Bariatric Surgery Units, 271 were outpatients visited at the Eating Disorder and Obesity Unit. Psychiatric examination was used to exclude psychiatric disorders and investigate eating behaviours distinguished on the basis of food intake rhythm in: gorging, snacking, grazing and binge. They are related to the mental dimensions: impulsiveness, body image, mood and anxiety, taking part in the emotional regulation system. Specific psychometric tools were used to investigate the different mental dimensions of the single eating behaviours and their differences. Statistical analysis of the psychopathological features was performed using ANOVA, ANCOVA, Levene test, Bonferroni’s and Tamhane post hoc test. Significance was set at p  < 0.05. Results Data analysis shows significant differences of psychopathology among all the eating behaviours and an increase in the emotional dysregulation determining maladaptive behaviours. Discussion Eating behaviours are connected to the balance of the different features of mental dimensions implicated in the emotional regulation system. They could provide significant clinical information and therefore be part of the obesity diagnostic criteria and therapeutic programme.

The diagnosis of celiac disease patients may be delayed by misdiagnosis. Our aim was to evaluate in celiac patients the prevalence of surgery before diagnosis. Two hundred forty-four adult celiac patients and 232 controls were retrospectively investigated for surgery before diagnosis of celiac disease. The prevalence of surgery was increased in celiac patients versus controls (P = 0.001). Frequency of appendectomy (P = 0.0001), tonsillectomy (P = 0.009), and hernia repair (P = 0.05) were increased in celiac patients versus controls. Appendectomy was related to anemia (P = 0.006) and abdominal pain (P = 0.005); tonsillectomy was related to diarrhea (P = 0.02) and weight loss (P = 0,04). Appendectomy was elective in 73% of celiac patients and in 46% of controls. Cosmetic surgery was increased in celiac patients versus controls (P = 0.058). In conclusions, surgery before celiac disease diagnosis is increased in celiac patients compared to controls, as a result of doctors' misdiagnosis and/or poor health status, which increases the demand for medical intervention. The frequency of cosmetic surgery in celiac patients may berelated to impaired psychological profile of patients.