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Identify the socio-economic correlates of sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption among pregnant women and analyze to what extent SSB consumption is associated with diet quality and total energy intake. Additionally, we aim to predict how diet quality scores and totally energy intakes would change if SSB consumption was artificially set to 0. Repeated Cross Sectional Study. United States. SSB consumption was estimated from 1-2 24-hour dietary recalls from 1,154 pregnant women who participated in the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Linear regression models were used to identify socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with SSB consumption and to assess the associations between SSB consumption and diet quality and total energy intake. Diet quality was measured with the Alternate Healthy Eating Index modified for Pregnancy (AHEI-P). The mean SSB intake was 1.3 servings per day (sd 1.5). Having a household income ≤100% of the Federal Poverty Level, being born in the United States, and not being married or living with a partner were positively associated with SSB consumption. Every 12 oz. of SSBs consumed was associated with a 2.3 lower AHEI-P score (95% CI: 1.6, 2.9) and the consumption of 124 more calories (95% CI: 85, 163), after adjusting for age, country of birth, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, household income, survey year and day/s of the week the recall/s were collected. Our predictive models indicated that average AHEI-P would be 6.4 (5.4, 7.6) higher and average total energy intakes would be 203.5 calories (122.2, 284.8) lower if SSB intake was set to 0. SSB consumption is associated with poorer diet quality and higher total energy intake among pregnant women.

We identified fifty-one peer-reviewed studies that geospatially analyzed the relationship between the community nutrition environment (CNE) and obesity. Eighty percent of studies found at least one significant association between the CNE and obesity. However we calculated the proportion of studies that found at least one significant association between the CNE and obesity in the expected direction for each food store type and measurement technique, and the proportion across the different store types and measurement techniques was just 32 %. Different methods for classifying, locating, and analyzing food stores produced mixed results and challenged direct study level comparison.

Background Students of color disproportionately experience racial discrimination and food insecurity, which both lead to poor academic and health outcomes. This study explores the extent to which the location of racial discrimination experienced is associated with food insecurity, stress, physical health and grade point average among college students Methods A cross sectional study design was implemented to survey 143 students from a racially diverse public university. Logistic regression models assessed if discrimination at various locations was associated with food insecurity and linear models assessed how racial discrimination was associated with physical health, stress and grade point average Results Student’s experiencing food security had an average discrimination score of 2.3 (1.23, 3.37), while those experiencing food insecurity had a statistically significant ( P  < 0.001) higher average discrimination score 7.3 (5.4, 9.21). Experiencing any racial discrimination was associated with increased odds of experiencing food insecurity when experienced from the police (OR 11.76, 95% CI: 1.41, 97.86), in the housing process (OR 7.9, 95% CI: 1.93, 32.34) and in the hiring process (OR 6.81, 95% CI: 1.98, 23.48) compared to those experiencing no racial discrimination after adjusting for race, gender, age and income. Conclusion The location in which a student experienced racial discrimination impacted the extent to which the racial discrimination was associated with food security status. Further research is needed to explore potential mechanisms for how racial discrimination may lead to food insecurity.

Background Assess the associations between ten severe maternal hardships and food insecurity experienced during pregnancy. Methods Data on 14,274 low-income/lower-income women (below 400% of the income to federal poverty guideline ratio) from the statewide-representative 2010–2012 California Maternal and Infant Health Assessment were used to estimate food security status prevalence. Prevalence of severe maternal hardships by food security status was estimated. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the associations between severe maternal hardship and food security status, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Results Food insecurity was common among low- and lower-income pregnant women in California; 23.4% food insecure and an additional 11.5% marginally secure. In adjusted analysis, nine of ten hardships were associated with food security status. Only the respondent or someone close to the respondent having a problem with alcohol or drugs was not associated with food security status after adjusting for socioeconomic factors. Husband/partner losing a job, depressive symptoms, not having practical support and intimate partner violence were consistently associated with marginal, low and very low food security status. Each additional severe maternal hardship a woman experienced during pregnancy was associated with a 36% greater risk of reporting marginal food security (Relative Risk Ratio 1.36, 95% CI: 1.27, 1.47), 54% for low food security (Relative Risk Ratio 1.54, 95% CI: 1.44, 1.64), and 99% for very low food security (Relative Risk Ratio 1.99, 95% CI: 1.83, 2.15). Conclusions Food security status was strongly linked with several maternal hardships that could jeopardize maternal and/or infant health. Services—including prenatal care and nutritional assistance—for a large proportion of pregnant women should address a wide range of serious unmet social needs including food insecurity.

Background Effective treatments for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) include behavioral therapy (exposure and response/ritual prevention and cognitive behavioral therapy) and serotonin‐reuptake inhibitors (SRIs); however, the relative efficacy of these treatments is not well established. We sought to review evidence from head‐to‐head randomized‐controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioral therapy and SRIs in the treatment of OCD. Methods A systematic search of multiple databases was conducted from first available date to June 30, 2012, for RCTs in the treatment of OCD among outpatients, comparing behavioral therapy and SRIs, alone or combined. Two independent reviewers evaluated studies for eligibility and risk of bias. The main outcome measure was posttreatment mean Yale‐Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) score. Results We identified 2,186 unique articles. Fifteen articles were included, describing 13 RCTs. Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD; 95% confidence intervals) in YBOCS score significantly favored behavioral therapy over SRIs (0.37; 0.10, 0.64; P = .007), but not in a subset of trials that used selective SRIs (0.22; −0.02, 0.47; P = .070). Within individual trials, effect sizes significantly favored the combination of behavioral therapy plus an SRI over an SRI, but not behavioral therapy, alone. Conclusions This review provides evidence that, among outpatients with OCD, behavioral therapy is more effective than SRIs, overall, but not selective SRIs. Furthermore, the combination of behavioral therapy plus an SRI is more effective than an SRI alone. These data may be used to inform the development of evidence‐based treatment guidelines; however, more studies are also needed to further evaluate the relative efficacy of these interventions.

Background Self-reported height and weight are pragmatic, lower-cost alternatives for objective measurements but are potentially less accurate. This study examines the accuracy of self-reported measurements in a population of emerging adults. Methods Participants were 603 emerging adult college students aged 18 to 24 who attend public Hispanic-Serving Institutions of higher education in California, USA. The population was heterogeneous by race/ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic position, and body size. Participants self-reported height and weight; height and weight were then objectively measured during an in-person visit. Results Relative to objective measurements, participants, on average, overreported their height by 1.53 cm and underreported their weight by 0.77 kg, leading to an average body mass index (BMI) underestimation of 0.73 kg/m 2 . The discrepancy between self-report and objective measures significantly differed by gender, race/ethnicity, and weight but not by age, sexual orientation, household poverty status, or disordered eating behaviors. Overall, 23.8% of participants with overweight or obesity would be assigned to a lower-weight BMI category based on their self-reported measurements (including 16.2% to normal weight). Conclusions In this sample of emerging adult college students, we found modest but statistically significant inaccuracies in self-reported height and weight that resulted in some misclassification of BMI-based weight status categories. Expressing self-reported BMI as a numerical value instead of categorically may be one approach to minimize bias. These results may inform bias-correction approaches in future emerging adult studies that lack the resources for in-person objective measures.

Food security status is a continuum ranging from high to very low food security. While marginal food security falls next to high food security on the spectrum, new quantitative research indicates marginal food security status is associated with negative health outcomes and poor academic performance among college students. Qualitative research focusing on college students experiencing marginal food security has not been conducted. The current study aims to qualitatively explore experiences of college students with marginal food security and to identify themes to better understand and provide context regarding how marginal food security impacts students. Students were recruited for semi-structured interviews with questions designed to study the challenges associated with students' food situations. All interviews were recorded and transcribed with themes identified via an inductive approach. A large public university on the US west coast. Thirty college students. Key themes that emerged: purchasing cheap unhealthy foods, insufficient time to prepare and eat meals on a regular basis, stress and anxiety around the inability to eat healthy food and future health issues, self-perception of health when eating poorly along with physical symptoms and low academic motivation by not fully participating in their courses due to few healthy food options or missing meals. Marginal food security can potentially diminish students' health and their capacity to learn and succeed in their coursework. The results emphasise that students experiencing marginal food security should not be grouped with students experiencing high food security.

Early life exposures have been associated with obesity later in life. We aim to assess the association between early life exposure to food insecurity and change in BMI throughout childhood and adolescents. Food security status and growth variables from 243 Mother–child dyads from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas study were assessed 7 times over a 12-year period. Generalized log linear models with Poisson distributions and linear regression models were implemented to assess the associations between early life food insecurity and obesity and growth. Early life food insecurity was associated with a 0.43 (0.01, 0.82) kg/m 2 decrease in BMI from age 2 to 3.5, and a 0.92 kg/m 2 (0.38, 1.46) increase in BMI among boys from ages 3.5 to 5, after adjusting for covariates. Sex and age modify the association between early life exposure to food insecurity and BMI.

Restaurant delivery services have gained in popularity among college students; however, students participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) are not allowed to redeem their benefits via restaurant delivery services. This mixed-methods head-to-head crossover trial assessed whether college students experiencing marginal food security prefer benefits via a grocery store gift card (as a proxy for traditional SNAP benefits) or via a restaurant delivery service gift card of equivalent value, and which type of benefit is more effective at improving food security status. Thirty college students experiencing marginal food security were recruited to receive $80 in cash equivalent benefits to spend over a two-month period in the form of grocery store gift cards and restaurant delivery service gift cards. Participants completed surveys and interviews to measure their food security status and share their experiences with each benefit type. After four months of benefits, 48.3% of participants improved their food security status. However, neither type of benefit was statistically better at improving food security status. Most participants preferred grocery store benefits (89.7%) over restaurant delivery service benefits (10.3%). However, more research is needed to explore whether allowing SNAP recipients to redeem their benefits with restaurant delivery services is a viable mechanism to address food challenges among college students experiencing marginal food security.