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Background Acute pancreatitis is a common and potentially lethal gastrointestinal disease, but literatures for the disease burden are scarce for many countries. Understanding the current burden of acute pancreatitis and the different trends across various countries is essential for formulating effective preventive intervenes. We aimed to report the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by acute pancreatitis in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019. Methods Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) were used to analyze the epidemiology of acute pancreatitis at the global, regional, and national levels. We also reported the correlation between development status and acute pancreatitis’ age-standardized DALY rates, and calculated DALYs attributable to alcohol etiology that had evidence of causation with acute pancreatitis. All of the estimates were shown as counts and age-standardized rates per 100,000 person-years. Results There were 2,814,972.3 (95% UI 2,414,361.3–3,293,591.8) incident cases of acute pancreatitis occurred in 2019 globally; 1,273,955.2 (1,098,304.6–1,478,594.1) in women and 1,541,017.1 (1,307,264.4–1,814,454.3) in men. The global age-standardized incidence rate declined from 37.9/100,000 to 34.8/100,000 during 1990–2019, an annual decrease of 8.4% (5.9–10.4%). In 2019, there were 115,053.2 (104,304.4–128,173.4) deaths and 3,641,105.7 (3,282,952.5–4,026,948.1) DALYs due to acute pancreatitis. The global age-standardized mortality rate decreased by 17.2% (6.6–27.1%) annually from 1.7/100,000 in 1990 to 1.4/100,000 in 2019; over the same period, the age-standardized DALY rate declined by 17.6% (7.8–27.0%) annually. There were substantial differences in the incidence, mortality and DALYs across regions. Alcohol etiology attributed to a sizable fraction of acute pancreatitis-related deaths, especially in the high and high-middle SDI regions. Conclusion Substantial variation existed in the burden of acute pancreatitis worldwide, and the overall burden remains high with aging population. Geographically targeted considerations are needed to tailor future intervenes to relieve the burden of acute pancreatitis in specific countries, especially for Eastern Europe.

In subduction zones with slab‐slab interactions, the pattern of mantle convection is very complex and still unclear. In this study, we jointly invert a large number of P and S wave arrival time data of local earthquakes for 3‐D isotropic and anisotropic velocity structures of the Banda subduction zone. Along the curved Banda arc, the subducting Indo‐Australian slab is detected clearly as a high‐velocity zone, and its azimuthal anisotropy changes along the arc strike, representing fossil anisotropy within the slab and modified anisotropy by the subduction processes. Around the northern edge of the Banda slab, a semi‐toroidal pattern of anisotropy appears in low‐velocity anomalies, representing mantle flow extruded from the Banda arc and escaped from a gap of the Banda‐Molucca slab toward the northeast. Our 3‐D anisotropic tomography uncovers the mantle convection pattern induced by the slab‐slab interactions, shedding new light on the complex dynamical processes in this curved subduction zone. Plain Language Summary The study of mantle convection pattern can improve our understanding of plate tectonics and geodynamics. The mantle convection pattern is affected by several factors, including the subducting slab geometry and slab‐slab interactions. The tectonics in the Banda area is rendered particularly complex due to the subduction and interactions of multiple slabs. Hence, this region is an ideal natural laboratory to study the mantle flow pattern associated with slab‐slab interactions. Here we invert both P and S wave arrival times of local earthquakes for 3‐D anisotropic structure of the upper mantle beneath the Banda region. Our results show that in this curved subduction zone, the mantle convection pattern is different from that in normal subduction zones. Trench‐parallel anisotropy is revealed beneath Banda, which reflects extruded material flow in the curved subduction zone. Our results provide new insight into subduction dynamics and mantle convection. Key Points The first P and S wave anisotropic tomography of the Banda subduction zone is obtained Trench‐parallel anisotropy along the Banda arc reflects lateral mantle flow caused by the highly curved Banda slab Semi‐toroidal anisotropy around the northern edge of the Banda arc reflects extruded mantle flow from the arc

Excessive dependence on autonomous vehicles (AVs) may exacerbate traffic congestion and increase exhaust emissions in the future. The diffusion of AVs may be significantly affected by the public’s acceptance. A few factors that may affect people’s acceptance of AVs have been researched in the existing studies, one-third of which cited behavioral theories, while the rest did not. A total of seven factors with behavior theories are screened out that significantly affect the acceptance intention, including perceived ease of use, attitude, social norm, trust, perceived usefulness, perceived risk, and compatibility. Six factors without behavior theories are summed up that affect AV acceptance, namely safety, performance-to-price value, mobility, value of travel time, symbolic value, and environmentally friendly. We found that people in Europe and Asia have substantial differences in attitudes toward AVs and that safety is one of the most concerned factors of AVs by scholars and respondents. Public acceptance of the different types of AVs and consumers’ dynamic preferences for AVs are highlighted in the review too. The quality of literature is systematically assessed based on previously established instruments and tailored for the current review. The results of the assessment show potential opportunities for future research, such as the citation of behavior theories and access to longitudinal data. Additionally, the experimental methods and the utilization of mathematical and theoretical methods could be optimized.

How subduction-related magmatism starts at convergent plate margins is still poorly understood. Here we show that boron isotope variations in early-formed boninites from the Izu-Bonin arc, combined with radiogenic isotopes and elemental ratios document rapid (~0.5 to 1 Myr) changes in the sources and makeup of slab inputs as subduction begins. Heterogeneous hornblende-granulite facies melts from ocean crust gabbros ± basalts fluxed early melting to generate low silica boninites. Hydrous fluids from slab sediments and basalts later fluxed the low silica boninites mantle source to produce high silica boninites. Our results suggest that initially the uppermost parts of the slab were accreted near the nascent trench, perhaps related to early low-angle subduction. The rapid changes in slab inputs recorded in the boninites entail a steepening subduction angle and cooling of the plate interface, allowing for subduction of slab sediment and basalt, and generating hydrous fluids at lower slab temperatures. The geochemical record of subduction initiation is still not well understood, despite >50 years of study. Here, the authors use boron isotopes in Izu-Bonin boninites to document rapid changes in slab inputs to melting at the start of subduction, related to the steepening and cooling of the downgoing Pacific plate.

How serpentinites in the forearc mantle and subducted lithosphere become involved in enriching the subarc mantle source of arc magmas is controversial. Here we report molybdenum isotopes for primitive submarine lavas and serpentinites from active volcanoes and serpentinite mud volcanoes in the Mariana arc. These data, in combination with radiogenic isotopes and elemental ratios, allow development of a model whereby shallow, partially serpentinized and subducted forearc mantle transfers fluid and melt from the subducted slab into the subarc mantle. These entrained forearc mantle fragments are further metasomatized by slab fluids/melts derived from the dehydration of serpentinites in the subducted lithospheric slab. Multistage breakdown of serpentinites in the subduction channel ultimately releases fluids/melts that trigger Mariana volcanic front volcanism. Serpentinites dragged down from the forearc mantle are likely exhausted at >200 km depth, after which slab-derived serpentinites are responsible for generating slab melts. How the subducted oceanic lithosphere provides fluids and melts to flux the subarc mantle source of arc magmas is controversial. Here the authors use Mo and other isotopes to show serpentinites formed in both the forearc mantle and the subducted lithosphere contribute to generating arc magmas.

Background Styrax , a vital raw material for shipbuilding, construction, perfumes, and drugs, represents the largest and most diverse genus in the Styracaceae. However, there is a relative scarcity of research on Styrax , particularly in evolution and genetics. Therefore, this study conducted comparative and evolutionary analyses of the chloroplast genomes of five rare Styrax species ( S. argentifolius , S. buchananii , S. chrysocarpus , S. finlaysonianus , and S. rhytidocarpus ). Results The results indicated that, despite high levels of conservation in chloroplast genome structure among these species, specific mutation hotspot regions exist, particularly involving the expansion and contraction of the IR region. Additionally, evidence of positive selection was detected in eight genes ( atpB , ccsA , ndhD , petA , rbcL , rpoC1 , ycf1 , and ycf2 ), which may be associated with adaptive evolution in response to environmental changes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed conflicts between trees constructed based on coding sequences and complete chloroplast genomes for several species, which were similar to previous phylogenetic studies. Conclusion This study underscores the importance of increasing sample sizes to enhance the accuracy of phylogenetic analyses and provides a new perspective on understanding the adaptive evolution of Styrax species. These findings are not only important for the conservation and sustainable use of Styrax , but also provide valuable insights for research in plant evolution and ecology within the genus.

The prediction of an antiferromagnetic semimetal that breaks both time-reversal and inversion symmetry but respects their combination could provide a platform for studying the interplay between Dirac fermions and magnetism. Analogues of the elementary particles have been extensively searched for in condensed-matter systems for both scientific interest and technological applications 1 , 2 , 3 . Recently, massless Dirac fermions were found to emerge as low-energy excitations in materials now known as Dirac semimetals 4 , 5 , 6 . All of the currently known Dirac semimetals are non-magnetic with both time-reversal symmetry and inversion symmetry 7 , 8 , 9 . Here we show that Dirac fermions can exist in one type of antiferromagnetic system, where both and are broken but their combination is respected. We propose orthorhombic antiferromagnet CuMnAs as a candidate, analyse the robustness of the Dirac points under symmetry protections and demonstrate its distinctive bulk dispersions, as well as the corresponding surface states, by ab initio calculations. Our results provide a possible platform to study the interplay of Dirac fermion physics and magnetism.

Intelligent manufacturing, defined as the integration of manufacturing with modern information technologies such as 5G, digitalization, networking, and intelligence, has grown in popularity as a means of boosting the productivity, intelligence, and flexibility of traditional manufacturing processes. The steel industry is a necessary support for modern life and economic development, and the Chinese steel industry’s capacity has expanded to roughly half of global production. However, the Chinese steel industry is now confronted with high labor costs, massive carbon emissions, a low level of intelligence, low production efficiency, and unstable quality control. Therefore, China’s steel industry has launched several large-scale intelligent manufacturing initiatives to improve production efficiency, product quality, manual labor intensity, and employee working conditions. Unfortunately, there is no comprehensive overview of intelligent manufacturing in China’s steel industry. We began this research by summarizing the construction goals and overall framework for intelligent manufacturing of the steel industry in China. Following that, we offered a brief review of intelligent manufacturing for China’s steel industry, as well as descriptions of two typical intelligent manufacturing models. Finally, some major technologies employed for intelligent production in China’s steel industry were introduced. This research not only helps to comprehend the development model, essential technologies, and construction techniques of intelligent manufacturing in China’s steel industry, but it also provides vital inspiration for the manufacturing industry’s digital and intelligence updates and quality improvement.

The Cascadia margin is an unusual subduction zone characterized by the downdip movement of young and thin oceanic plates, where mantle flow and intraslab deformation are still unclear. Here we present new anisotropic tomography of the Cascadia subduction zone, in which the hexagonal symmetry axis of anisotropy is tilting rather than horizontal or vertical as assumed in previous studies of seismic anisotropy. Subduction‐induced entrained and toroidal flows under the Cascadia margin are discriminated well by the spatial relationship between tilting‐axis anisotropy and slab geometry. The obliquely entrained flow is trapped in a narrow zone (<100 km wide) above and below the subducting slab and reaches ∼200 km depth, which is surrounded by large‐scale sub‐horizontal toroidal flow. The intraslab anisotropy is trench‐normal above 80 km depth but changes to trench‐parallel at 100–400 km depths, which may reflect fossil anisotropy overprinted by deep deformation beneath the arc, or joint effect of serpentinization and hydrous faulting. Plain Language Summary The slab deformation and mantle flow under the Cascadia margin are controversial. We obtain new anisotropic tomography of the Cascadia subduction zone, which can reveal tilting 3‐D fast velocity directions (FVDs) and planes. Because the observed trench‐normal FVD in the Cascadia margin can be explained by both 3‐D toroidal and 2‐D entrained flows, we discriminate the two types of mantle flow with 3‐D FVDs that contain dip angle information. The 2‐D entrained flow above and below the subducting slab is trapped in a narrow zone of ∼100 km wide and is surrounded by large‐scale sub‐horizontal toroidal flow. The slab anisotropy above 80 km depth is consistent with that in the Juan de Fuca plate before subduction, but it is reshaped beneath the arc due to the slab deformation or phase transition. Key Points Tilting‐axis anisotropy can reconcile contradictory assumptions of azimuthal and radial anisotropies Entrained flow occurs within ∼100 km depth above and below the subducting slab and is surrounded by toroidal flow Fossil anisotropy in the slab is overprinted beneath the arc due to intraslab deformation or phase transition

Vegetation phenology is a commonly used indicator of ecosystem responses to climate change and plays a vital role in ecosystem carbon and hydrological cycles. Previous studies have mostly focused on the response of vegetation phenology to temperature and precipitation. Soil moisture plays an important role in maintaining vegetation growth. However, our understanding of the influences of soil moisture dynamics on vegetation phenology is sparse. In this study, using a time series of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) dataset (2001–2020), the start of the growing season (SOS), the end of the growing season (EOS), and the length of the growing season (LOS) in the Qilian Mountains (QLMs) were extracted. The spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation phenology (SOS, EOS, and LOS) were explored. The partial coefficient correlations between the SOS, EOS, and seasonal climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture) were analyzed. The results showed that the variation trends of vegetation phenology were not significant (p > 0.05) from 2001 to 2020, the SOS was advanced by 0.510 d/year, the EOS was delayed by 0.066 d/year, and the LOS was prolonged by 0.580 d/year. The EOS was significantly advanced and the LOS significantly shortened with increasing altitude. The seasonal temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture had spatiotemporal heterogeneous effects on the vegetation phenology. Overall, compared with temperature and soil moisture, precipitation had a weaker influence on the vegetation phenology in the QLMs. For different elevation zones, the temperature and soil moisture influenced the vegetation phenology in most areas of the QLMs, and spring temperature was the key driving factor influencing SOS; the autumn soil moisture and autumn temperature made the largest contributions to the variations in EOS at lower (<3500 m a.s.l.) and higher elevations (>3500 m a.s.l.), respectively. For different vegetation types, the spring temperature was the main factor influencing the SOS for broadleaf forests, needleleaf forests, shrublands, and meadows because of the relative lower soil moisture stress. The autumn soil moisture was the main factor influencing EOS for deserts because of the strong soil moisture stress. Our results demonstrate that the soil moisture strongly influences vegetation phenology, especially at lower elevations and water-limited areas. This study provides a scientific basis for better understanding the response of vegetation phenology to climate change in arid mountainous areas and suggests that the variation in soil moisture should be considered in future studies on the influence of climate warming and environmental effects on the phenology of water-limited areas.