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"Gao, R"
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Theorizing and analyzing language teacher agency
\"This volume examines the agency of second/foreign language teachers in diverse geographical contexts. It offers new understandings and conceptualizations through a variety of types of empirical data, as well as demonstrating the use of different methodologies to analyze the multidimensional, dynamic and complex nature of language teacher agency\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Subcritical transitional flow in two-dimensional plane Poiseuille flow
Recently, subcritical transition to turbulence in the quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2-D) shear flow with strong linear friction (Camobreco et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 963, 2023, R2) has been demonstrated by the 2-D mechanism at $Re = 71\\,211$, and the nonlinear Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves related to the edge state were approached independently of initial optimal disturbances. For 2-D plane Poiseuille flow, transition to the fully developed turbulence requires that the Reynolds number is several times larger than the critical Reynolds number $Re_c$ (Markeviciute & Kerswell, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 917, 2021, A57). In this paper, we observed the subcritical transitional flow in 2-D plane Poiseuille flow driven by the nonlinear TS waves by both linear and nonlinear optimal disturbances ($Re < Re_c$) with different quantitative edge states. The nonlinear optimal disturbances could trigger the sustained subcritical transitional flow for $Re \\geqslant 2400$. The initial energy for nonlinear optimal disturbance is more efficient than the linear optimal disturbance in reaching the subcritical transitional flow for $2400 \\leqslant Re \\leqslant 5000$. Moreover, the initial energy of linear optimal disturbance is larger than the energy of its edge state. The nonlinear TS waves along the edge state are formed by the nonlinear optimal disturbances to trigger transitional flow, which agrees well with the main conclusions of Camobreco et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 963, 2023, R2), while the required $Re$ of 2-D plane Poiseuille flow is much smaller.
Journal Article
Development of a Ti/Au TES Microcalorimeter Array as a Backup Sensor for the Athena/X-IFU Instrument
We are developing a transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter array based on a Ti/Au superconducting bilayer, as a backup option for the X-IFU instrument on the Athena X-ray observatory. The array is read out by a frequency-division multiplexing readout system using a 1–5 MHz frequency band. Extensive research collaborations between NASA/Goddard and SRON have led to new design rules for microcalorimeters such as low resistivity of the superconductor bilayer, moderately high ohmic resistance of the TES by changing the aspect ratio and no extra metal strips. We have improved our detector fabrication process according to these design principles and produced TES arrays. Although single-pixel characterizations of these arrays are ongoing, the best energy resolution of 2.0 eV for 5.9 keV X-ray has been observed with a 120 × 20 μm
2
TES with a normal resistance of 150 mΩ, biased at 2.2 MHz frequency. This shows that our Ti/Au TES array has a potential to fulfill the detector requirements of the X-IFU instrument.
Journal Article
Epiphany: predicting Hi-C contact maps from 1D epigenomic signals
Recent deep learning models that predict the Hi-C contact map from DNA sequence achieve promising accuracy but cannot generalize to new cell types and or even capture differences among training cell types. We propose Epiphany, a neural network to predict cell-type-specific Hi-C contact maps from widely available epigenomic tracks. Epiphany uses bidirectional long short-term memory layers to capture long-range dependencies and optionally a generative adversarial network architecture to encourage contact map realism. Epiphany shows excellent generalization to held-out chromosomes within and across cell types, yields accurate TAD and interaction calls, and predicts structural changes caused by perturbations of epigenomic signals.
Journal Article
Drivers of heterogeneity in synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis
Inflammation of non-barrier immunologically quiescent tissues is associated with a massive influx of blood-borne innate and adaptive immune cells. Cues from the latter are likely to alter and expand activated states of the resident cells. However, local communications between immigrant and resident cell types in human inflammatory disease remain poorly understood. Here, we explored drivers of fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) heterogeneity in inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis using paired single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing, multiplexed imaging and spatial transcriptomics along with in vitro modeling of cell-extrinsic factor signaling. These analyses suggest that local exposures to myeloid and T cell-derived cytokines, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-1β or lack thereof, drive four distinct FLS states some of which closely resemble fibroblast states in other disease-affected tissues including skin and colon. Our results highlight a role for concurrent, spatially distributed cytokine signaling within the inflamed synovium.
Smith et al. present a resource detailing drivers of transcriptional heterogeneity of synovial fibroblasts cell states in the inflamed joints of human patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Journal Article
Global-scale black carbon profiles observed in the remote atmosphere and compared to models
Refractory black carbon (rBC) aerosol loadings and mass size distributions have been quantified during the HIPPO campaign above the remote Pacific from 80N to 67S. Over 100 vertical profiles of rBC loadings, extending from ∼0.3 to ∼14 km were obtained with a Single‐Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) during a two‐week period in January 2009. The dataset provides a striking, and previously unobtainable, pole‐to‐pole snapshot of rBC mass loadings. rBC vertical concentration profiles reveal significant dependences on latitude, while associated rBC mass size distributions were highly uniform. The vertical profiles averaged in five latitude zones were compared to an ensemble of AEROCOM model fields. The model ensemble spread in each zone was over an order of magnitude, while the model average over‐predicted rBC concentrations overall by a factor five. The comparisons suggest that rBC removal in global models may need to be evaluated separately in different latitude regions and perhaps enhanced.
Journal Article
Thirty day postoperative outcomes following laparoscopic adrenalectomy for functional adrenal tumors
BackgroundFunctional adrenal tumors (FATs) are rare and if left untreated, there is a substantial risk of morbidity and mortality due to uncontrolled excess hormone secretion. The three most common FATs are cortisone-producing tumors (hypercortisolism), aldosterone-producing tumors (hyperaldosteronism), and catecholamines-producing tumors (pheochromocytomas). The study aims to evaluate demographic characteristics and 30-day outcomes after laparoscopic adrenalectomy of FATs.MethodsPatients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy for FATs were selected from the ACS-NSQIP database (2015–2017), and divided into three groups (hyperaldosteronism, hypercortisolism, and pheochromocytoma). Preoperative demographics, medical comorbidities, and 30-day postoperative outcomes among the three groups were analyzed using the chi-squared test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the effects independent variables on the likelihood of increased overall morbidity.ResultsOf a total of 2410 patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy, 345 (14.3%) patients with FATs were included. Patients in the hypercortisolism group were younger, had higher proportion of females, had higher BMI, had a higher proportion of White ethnicity and had a higher proportion of diabetes. The hyperaldosteronism group had a higher proportion of Black ethnicity and a higher proportion of hypertension (HTN) requiring medication. Thirty day postoperative outcomes showed that the pheochromocytoma group had a higher rate of serious morbidity, overall morbidity, and highest readmission rates. There were three deaths, 1 in the pheochromocytoma and 2 in the hypercortisolism groups. Operative time (in minutes) was longer in the hypercortisolism group. Median length of stay was higher in hypercortisolism (2 days) and pheochromocytoma (1.5 day) groups.ConclusionFunctional adrenal tumors show distinct variations in patient demographics and postoperative outcomes. It is essential to use this information during the preoperative period to optimize patients prior to intervention and counsel patients about potential postoperative outcomes.
Journal Article
Kinetic control of tunable multi-state switching in ferroelectric thin films
Deterministic creation of multiple ferroelectric states with intermediate values of polarization remains challenging due to the inherent bi-stability of ferroelectric switching. Here we show the ability to select any desired intermediate polarization value via control of the switching pathway in (111)-oriented PbZr
0.2
Ti
0.8
O
3
films. Such switching phenomena are driven by kinetic control of the volume fraction of two geometrically different domain structures which are generated by two distinct switching pathways: one direct, bipolar-like switching and another multi-step switching process with the formation of a thermodynamically-stable intermediate twinning structure. Such control of switching pathways is enabled by the competition between elastic and electrostatic energies which favors different types of ferroelastic switching that can occur. Overall, our work demonstrates an alternative approach that transcends the inherent bi-stability of ferroelectrics to create non-volatile, deterministic, and repeatedly obtainable multi-state polarization without compromising other important properties, and holds promise for non-volatile multi-state functional applications.
The use of ferroeletric materials for multi-state device applications is still challenging. Here, the authors present a mechanism to stabilize non-volatile polarization states by populating volume fractions of two domain structures in PbZr
0.2
Ti
0.8
O
3
via kinetic control of switching pathways.
Journal Article
Bio-Inspired Nanodelivery Platform: Platelet Membrane-Cloaked Genistein Nanosystem for Targeted Lung Cancer Therapy
Genistein (Gen), a natural polyphenolic compound, has emerged as a promising candidate for lung cancer treatment. However, the potential clinical application of Gen is limited due to its poor solubility, low bioavailability, and toxic side effects. To address these challenges, a biomimetic delivery platform with cell membranes derived from natural cells as carrier material was constructed. This innovative approach aims to facilitate targeted drug delivery and solve the problem of biocompatibility of synthetic materials.
First, the liposomes (LPs) loaded with Gen (LPs@Gen) was prepared using the ethanol injection method. Subsequently, PLTM-LPs@Gen was obtained through co-extrusion after mixing platelet membrane (PLTM) and LPs@Gen. Additionally, the biological and physicochemical properties of PLTM-LPs@Gen were investigated. Finally, the targeting ability, therapeutic efficacy, and safety of PLTM-LPs@Gen for lung cancer were evaluated using both a cell model and a tumor-bearing nude mouse model.
The optimal preparation ratio for LPs@Gen was Gen: soybean lecithin: cholesterol: DSPE-PEG2000 (3:30:5:10, mass ratio), while the ideal fusion ratio of LPs@Gen and PLTM was 1:1. The particle size of PLTM-LPs@Gen was 108.33 ± 1.06 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were 94.29% and 3.09% respectively. Gen was released continuously and slowly from PLTM-LPs@Gen. Moreover, PLTM-LPs@Gen exhibited good stability within one week. The results of in vitro cellular uptake and in vivo distribution experiments indicated that the carrier material, PLTM-LPs, has the immune escape ability and tumor targeting ability. Consequently, it showed better therapeutic effects than free drugs and traditional LPs in vitro and in vivo tumor models. In addition, safety experiments demonstrated that PLTM-LPs@Gen possesses good biocompatibility.
Biomimetic nanomedicine provides a new strategy for the precision treatment of lung cancer in clinical practice.
Journal Article
Mucosa-associated microbiota signature in colorectal cancer
The aim of this study was to explore the gut microbiota profiles of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and to examine the relationship between gut microbiota and other key molecular factors involved in CRC tumorigenesis. In this study, a 16S rDNA sequencing platform was used to identify possible differences in the microbiota signature between CRC and adjacent normal mucosal tissue. Differences in the microbiota composition in different anatomical colorectal tumor sites and their potential association with KRAS mutation were also explored. In this study, the number of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria decreased, while the number of Fusobacteria increased in the gut of CRC patients. In addition, at the genus level,
Fusobacterium
was identified as the key contributor to CRC tumorigenesis. In addition, a different distribution of gut microbiota in ascending and descending colon cancer samples was observed. Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis-associated microbial genes were enriched in tumor tissues. Our study suggests that specific mucosa-associated microbiota signature and function are significantly changed in the gut of CRC patients, which may provide insight into the progression of CRC. These findings could also be of value in the creation of new prevention and treatment strategies for this type of cancer.
Journal Article