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A highly fatal hemorrhagic disease has been identified in 10 young Asian and African elephants at North American zoos. In the affected animals there was ultrastructural evidence for herpesvirus-like particles in endothelial cells of the heart, liver, and tongue. Consensus primer polymerase chain reaction combined with sequencing yielded molecular evidence that confirmed the presence of two novel but related herpesviruses associated with the disease, one in Asian elephants and another in African elephants. Otherwise healthy African elephants with external herpetic lesions yielded herpesvirus sequences identical to that found in Asian elephants with endothelial disease. This finding suggests that the Asian elephant deaths were caused by cross-species infection with a herpesvirus that is naturally latent in, but normally not lethal to, African elephants. A reciprocal relationship may exist for the African elephant disease.

AIM: The Primary Medical Education (PRIME) program is an outpatient‐based, internal medicine residency track nested within the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) categorical medicine program. Primary Medical Education is based at the San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), 1 of 3 teaching hospitals at UCSF. The program accepts 8 UCSF medicine residents annually, who differentiate into PRIME after internship. In 2000, we implemented a novel research methods curriculum with the dual purposes of teaching basic epidemiology skills and providing mentored opportunities for clinical research projects during residency. SETTING: Single academic internal medicine program. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: The PRIME curriculum utilizes didactic lecture, frequent journal clubs, work‐in‐progress sessions, and active mentoring to enable residents to “try out” a clinical research project during residency. PROGRAM EVALUATION: Among 32 residents in 4 years, 22 residents have produced 20 papers in peer‐reviewed journals, 1 paper under review, and 2 book chapters. Their clinical evaluations are equivalent to other UCSF medicine residents. DISCUSSION: While learning skills in evidence‐based medicine, residents can conduct high‐quality research. Utilizing a collaboration of General Internal Medicine researchers and educators, our curriculum affords residents the opportunity to “try‐out” clinical research as a potential future career choice.

Turgor-mediated leaf movements of the legume Samanea saman are associated with the migration of K+and Cl-between opposing sides of the motor organs (pulvini). We have investigated the pathway of this ion migration by localizing K+and Cl-within the secondary pulvinus at various times during leaf movements. Ion distributions in freeze-dried cryosections of pulvini were determined by scanning electron microscopy/x-ray microanalysis. The results indicate that the apoplast is a major pathway for the migration of K+and Cl-within the pulvinus.