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Racial minorities are disproportionately affected by human trafficking, with African Americans making up over 30% of trafficking cases in the United States despite being only 14% of the national population. Health care providers play a crucial role in identifying and supporting survivors of trafficking as roughly two-thirds of individuals who have been trafficked encounter a healthcare professional. However, discrimination against trafficked patients of color in health care, a key setting for frontline service provision, remains unexplored. We undertook a scoping review to identify the effects of racial and ethnic discrimination in the healthcare of individuals who have experienced human trafficking, with the aim of informing anti-racist practice, treatments, interventions, and research. Following the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR), we identified 41 sources comprising quantitative and qualitative studies, case reports, grey literature, and text and opinion pieces. Quantitative studies indicated that there are significant gaps in service availability for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) survivors in the midwestern United States. Our remaining sources suggested that healthcare provider bias and discrimination emerged through victim blaming, adultification, criminalization, or invisibility of BIPOC survivors. Racism was also perpetuated structurally through lack of culturally relevant training, fear of punishment from police or immigration enforcement, and sociocultural barriers to accessing healthcare. Furthermore, we identified best practices for future anti-trafficking efforts in health care on several levels including treatment, research, intervention design and evaluation, community partnerships, coalition-building, and political advocacy. Ultimately, healthcare providers have a unique opportunity to respond to human trafficking, but to do so effectively will require comprehensively addressing critical gaps in care for BIPOC populations across individual, interpersonal, and structural levels.

N-glycosylation – the sequential addition of complex sugars to adhesion proteins, neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels and secreted trophic factors as they progress through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus – is one of the most frequent protein modifications. In mammals, most organ-specific N-glycosylation events occur in the brain. Yet, little is known about the nature, function and regulation of N-glycosylation in neurons. Using imaging, quantitative immunoblotting and mass spectrometry, we show that hundreds of neuronal surface membrane proteins are core-glycosylated, resulting in the neuronal membrane displaying surprisingly high levels of glycosylation profiles that are classically associated with immature intracellular proteins. We report that while N-glycosylation is generally required for dendritic development and glutamate receptor surface expression, core-glycosylated proteins are sufficient to sustain these processes, and are thus functional. This atypical glycosylation of surface neuronal proteins can be attributed to a bypass or a hypo-function of the Golgi apparatus. Core-glycosylation is regulated by synaptic activity, modulates synaptic signaling and accelerates the turnover of GluA2-containing glutamate receptors, revealing a novel mechanism that controls the composition and sensing properties of the neuronal membrane. Information is carried around the nervous system by cells called neurons. The ability of neurons to communicate with each other relies on many proteins that are found on the surfaces of the cells. Like in all animal cells, surface proteins are made inside the cell in a compartment called the endoplasmic reticulum. During this process, one or several complex sugar molecules are usually added to newly made proteins. These sugar molecules are then modified as the proteins leave the endoplasmic reticulum and pass through another compartment called the Golgi apparatus on the way to the cell membrane. The precise number and structure of the sugar molecules attached to the protein define its glycosylation profile. Neurons receive information from other neurons at branch-like structures called dendrites, which trigger electrical signals that travel through the rest of the cell. To directly control how dendrites generate these signals, neurons make surface proteins locally in dendrites. However, while the endoplasmic reticulum is found all over the neuron, including in the dendrites, the Golgi apparatus is generally only present in the main cell body. It is not known how surface proteins are made in the dendrites or how the proteins’ glycosylation profiles are altered in the absence of a Golgi apparatus. Hanus et al. used microscopy and biochemical techniques to study the glycosylation profiles of surface proteins in rat neurons. The experiments revealed that immature glycosylation profiles are found on hundreds of different proteins that have been transported to the cell surface. This includes many proteins that are needed to transmit electrical signals between neurons. Next, Hanus et al. selectively blocked the modification of sugar molecules on proteins in the Golgi apparatus. This showed that dendrites are able to form and work properly even if surface proteins have primarily immature glycosylation profiles. Further experiments suggest that immaturely glycosylated proteins might travel to the surface of neurons using a different route that bypasses the Golgi apparatus. The next step will be to investigate exactly how these proteins are delivered to the surface and how they influence the way neurons behave.

Two assays reveal the birthplace of target proteins. In both, an antibody against a protein is used alongside an antibody that marks recent translation. The close proximity of both antibodies indicates the newly synthesized target protein. Protein synthesis is a dynamic process that tunes the cellular proteome in response to internal and external demands. Metabolic labeling approaches identify the general proteomic response but cannot visualize specific newly synthesized proteins within cells. Here we describe a technique that couples noncanonical amino acid tagging or puromycylation with the proximity ligation assay to visualize specific newly synthesized proteins and monitor their origin, redistribution and turnover in situ .

This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of various models of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) that were proposed to revolutionize the transportation and automation industry. In the last few years, IoV technology has emerged as a global revolution, demonstrating considerable impact upon the transportation and automation industry, hence, the interest of the researchers bends towards the utility of the IoV technology which motivated us to present a comprehensive review. This paper, thus, collates recent findings along with some anticipated applications of IoV technologies for transportation. It brings to light the evolution of the IoV studies referred as models for transportation since its birth and aims to present a deep insightful review of various IoV technologies with their strengths and weaknesses. The reviewed literature is organized systematically to give a categorical overview of recent developments. This article also discusses the outstanding potentialities and challenges that exist in transportation from IoV perspective with the belief that these will have the capacity to be addressed in the near future. As there is no review literature on IoV technology available for transportation. Hence, we strongly believe that this study will be useful and enable the researchers to utilize IoV technologies to solve complex outstanding problems in transportation and automation.

IntroductionMedical education poses serious stressors on medical students, as they report overall higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities compared with students enrolled in other university-level courses. The high rates of poor well-being reported should be considered a concern, as students represent the future workforce of healthcare professionals. Although there has been an increased interest towards well-being and burn-out in medical students, there is still much to be elucidated. Indeed, there is an overall lack of understanding of which attitudes medical students have towards well-being and welfare, something that could be used to develop targeted practice to improve medics’ quality of life and reduce overall burn-out.This review will aim at evaluating and reporting the current research available on medical students’ attitudes towards well-being and welfare. We will take into account which countries have published data on the topic, and we will analyse papers written during the COVID-19 period separately, giving this particular time frame a separate outlook.Methods and analysisThis systematic review protocol has been developed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guidelines. A systematic search including “medical students” AND “wellbeing” AND “perceptions” was carried out on MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus databases. The Mixed Method Appraisal Tool will be used to assess the quality of the available studies and risk of bias. Studies will be screened using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data will be summarised narratively and in tabular forms. A narrative subgroup analysis of the COVID-19 period will be carried out, and a country-wise approach will be used to describe which areas have published relevant studies.Ethics and disseminationThis will be the first systematic review looking at the reported attitudes that medical students have towards well-being and welfare. This will provide an account of the available data on the topic, and a starting point to understand where further research is needed in the future.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023471022.

ObjectiveTo explore factors influencing UK medical students’ specialty choices and examine variations in these influences across demographic groups and stages of training.DesignNational, cross-sectional online survey.SettingAll 44 UK medical schools recognised by the General Medical Council.Participants8,395 medical students.Primary and secondary outcomesThe primary outcome was the specialty preferences of UK medical students. The secondary outcomes were factors behind these preferences and how these factors vary across demographic groups and different stages of training.ResultsGeneral Practice (15.3%), Paediatrics (10.6%) and Anaesthetics (9.9%) were the most preferred specialties among final-year students. Work-life balance (84.1%), compatibility with family life (78.2%), positive training experiences (85.2%) and future specialty outlook (74.9%) were key factors influencing specialty choice. Only 23.1% of students felt confident about securing a specialty training post, with confidence higher among males (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.52, p<0.0001) and privately educated students (OR 1.18, CI 1.03 to 1.35, p=0.02). Males were also more certain about their career choices (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.31, p<0.0001). Confidence in securing a training place was positively associated with extracurricular achievements, including having a PubMed-indexed publication (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.39 to 2.00, p<0.0001).ConclusionsThis study highlights disparities in specialty preferences and influencing factors among UK medical students. A focus on improving career guidance, exposure to various specialties and supporting equitable access to training opportunities is essential for fostering a motivated and sustainable medical workforce.

English is especially challenging for English second language (ESL) learners because of its significant cultural and societal implications. For example, idioms—multiworded expressions with multiple meanings—are problematic for ESL learners because of ambiguity in literal translation and reliance on the societal context. This quantitative survey-based article posits that for advanced/fluent proficient ESL learners to achieve native-like fluency, they must attain proficiency in idioms. Survey data from 85 ESL students at the Center of English Second Language (CESL) at the University of Cincinnati were collected. The survey questions ranged from idiom usage in spoken and written language. The findings suggest a proportional relationship between idiom acquisition and positive attitudes. Confidence in using idioms was a significant predictor of both outcomes. Participants show positive attitudes toward idioms, but they sometimes fail to understand contextual meaning, limiting usage. The article concludes with future pedagogical implications for teaching idioms to ESL students.

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics and extracurricular achievements among UK medical students.DesignNational, cross-sectional survey.SettingAll 44 UK medical schools recognised by the General Medical Council.Participants8,395 medical students.OutcomesBinary indicators of extracurricular engagement, including PubMed-indexed authorship, academic presentations, quality improvement projects, leadership roles and academic prizes. Logistic regression models were used to explore associations with demographic and extracurricular achievement predictors.ResultsLogistic regression analysis showed that students from private schools (OR 1.35, CI 1.20 to 1.53, p<0.0001) and those with a parent or sibling in medicine (OR 1.38, CI 1.12 to 1.69, p=0.002) had notably higher odds of participation in research. Ethnic disparities in raw extracurricular attainment were evident, but largely disappeared when adjusting for other predictors. Males were more likely to hold leadership roles and deliver oral presentations, but no gender differences were seen in publication rates.ConclusionsSignificant disparities in extracurricular achievement exist among UK medical students, principally associated with gender, private schooling and familial links to medicine. Apparent ethnic differences were largely attenuated after adjustment for other variables, indicating socioeconomic factors as stronger predictors of engagement. Given the role of these achievements in postgraduate selection, targeted interventions by medical schools and professional bodies to widen access to funding, mentorship and structured guidance for all students, regardless of perceived advantage, may support equitable opportunity without undermining merit-based standards.

ABSTRACT Background: Peri-implant tissue score (PITS) has been used to assess and measure the success of osseointegrated endosseous dental implants by studying the peri-implant morphology in previously placed dental implants. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 patients who got implants placed previously were evaluated for bone levels, inflammatory status, recession, mucosa, and the patient profile in the time period of <1.5 years, 1.5-3 years, 3-4.5 years, and 4.5-6 years using a graduated periodontal plastic probe. Results: The results were statistically nonsignificant as the parameters did not differ significantly among different year groups. Conclusion: PITS is established as a noninvasive chairside diagnostic tool for clinicians to evaluate the overall implant health and the need for any intervention for the health of implant, but it does not prove to be that efficacious in the frame of time gap of implant placement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TO INTERDISCIPLINARY DENTISTRY PITS has been recently established as a chairside diagnostic tool for assessing peri-implant health status and its further evaluation for efficacy will help clinicians with easy diagnosis for ailing, failing, or failed implants.

India and Nepal have traditionally shared a unique relationship of friendship and economic cooperation. The relationship is characterised by an open and peoplefriendly border and is built on shared historical, cultural, linguistic and ethnic links between people residing in India and Nepal. With Nepal being a priority under India ‘Neighborhood First’ policy, strengthening the economic relationship holds immense significance and potential for both the countries. While the political relations between India and Nepal have been extensively studied, there is not much literature that explores the economic relationship between the two nations. This is an important issue to study, as India is Nepal’s largest export market, the biggest source of its imports, the top investor of foreign capital stock and among the largest donors of foreign aid. India also provides Nepal transit facility through its territory to access seaports for trading with the rest of the world. Given this, the main objective of this article is to suggest policy measures, which can increase bilateral trade and investment between India and Nepal. The article analyses the bilateral trade patterns and estimates the maximum additional trade potential. A wide range of issues of importance pertaining to bilateral trade, including tariffs, levy of an agricultural reform fee, under utilisation of the tariff rate quota, non-tariff measures, issues related to Rules of Origin (ROO) and physical barriers to cross-border movement of goods are discussed. The trends and changing sectoral composition of India’s investment in Nepal and barriers and opportunities for Indian investment in Nepal are also analysed. The article concludes by charting a way forward for bolstering economic cooperation between the two countries by listing down recommendations for enhancing trade, addressing non-tariff barriers, upgrading infrastructure to improve connectivity and enhancing Indian FDI in Nepal.