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The development of language functions is of great interest to neuroscientists, as these functions are among the fundamental capacities of human cognition. For many years, researchers aimed at identifying cerebral correlates of language abilities. More recently, the development of new data analysis tools has generated a shift toward the investigation of complex cerebral networks. In 2015, Weiss-Croft and Baldeweg published a very interesting systematic review on the development of functional language networks, explored through the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Compared to fMRI and because of their excellent temporal resolution, magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) provide different and important information on brain activity. Both therefore constitute crucial neuroimaging techniques for the investigation of the maturation of functional language brain networks. The main objective of this systematic review is to provide a state of knowledge on the investigation of language-related cerebral networks in children, through the use of EEG and MEG, as well as a detailed portrait of relevant MEG and EEG data analysis methods used in that specific research context. To do so, we have summarized the results and systematically compared the methodological approach of 24 peer-reviewed EEG or MEG scientific studies that included healthy children and children with or at high risk of language disabilities, from birth up to 18 years of age. All included studies employed functional and effective connectivity measures, such as coherence, phase locking value, and Phase Slope Index, and did so using different experimental paradigms (e.g., at rest or during language-related tasks). This review will provide more insight into the use of EEG and MEG for the study of language networks in children, contribute to the current state of knowledge on the developmental path of functional connectivity in language networks during childhood and adolescence, and finally allow future studies to choose the most appropriate type of connectivity analysis.

Background Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a complex, multisystemic neuromuscular disorder that affects various systems, including the muscular and central nervous systems. The natural history of DM1 includes a cognitive decline over time across multiple cognitive functions. However, the course of the cognitive profile remains unknown over short follow-up intervals. The study aimed to document the course of the neuropsychological profile in adults with DM1 over 12 months using classic paper-pencil tests and computerized cognitive tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB ® ). Methods Adult participants with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of juvenile, adult, or late-onset phenotype of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) underwent a battery of traditional paper-and-pencil tests alongside four assessments from the computerized cognitive battery, CANTAB ® . Cognitive functions were evaluated at baseline and at two follow-up points, each 6 months apart. Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted, followed by post hoc analyses to compare results across the different time points. Significant changes were interpreted in relation to the measurement error. Results Forty-four participants with DM1 (m = 45.5 ± 11.2 years) were assessed (50% juvenile, 38.6% adult, 11.4% late-onset). Results showed an overall stability in cognitive functions at both 6 and 12 months. However, verbal memory (California Verbal Learning Test) and multitasking skills (CANTAB ® ) exhibited an improvement outside of the measurement error, likely reflecting a learning effect. Conclusions Short-term progression studies are essential to improve trial readiness by documenting the best outcome measures to assess treatment effectiveness and gathering a comprehensive overview of the cognitive profile progression in DM1.

IntroductionPreschoolers and school-aged children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at higher risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with the general population. To this day, no randomised controlled trial (RCT) aiming to improve attention has been conducted in young children with CHD. There is emerging evidence indicating that parent–child yoga interventions improve attention and reduce ADHD symptoms in both typically developing and clinical populations.Methods and analysisThis is a single-blind, two-centre, two-arm trial during which 24 children with CHD and their parents will be randomly assigned to (1) a parent–child yoga intervention in addition to standard clinical care or (2) standard clinical care alone. All participants will undergo standardised assessments: (1) at baseline, (2) immediately post-treatment and (3) 6 months post-treatment. Descriptive statistics will be used to estimate the feasibility and neurodevelopmental outcomes. This feasibility study will evaluate: (1) recruitment capacity; (2) retention, drop-out and withdrawal rates during the yoga programme and at the 6-month follow-up; (3) adherence to the intervention; (4) acceptability of the randomisation process by families; (5) heterogeneity in the delivery of the intervention between instructors and use of home-based exercises between participants; (6) proportion of missing data in the neurodevelopmental assessments and (7) SD of primary outcomes of the full RCT in order to determine the future appropriate sample size.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained by the Research Ethics Board of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital. The findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and conferences and presented to the Canadian paediatric grand round meetings.Trial registration numberNCT05997680.

Classification is a tool for communication so that when clinicians, policy-makers, or researchers refer to some features they talk about the same thing. The classification of neurodevelopmental problems in children and adolescents is crucial to better understand their prevalence and the intervention or treatment that should be provided. However, such classification might be challenging, especially when development aspects have to be taken into account. This chapter aims to provide a better understanding of the classification of neurodevelopmental disabilities. Thus, we provide an overview of the different classification systems that are the most commonly used, such as the well-known Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Moreover, we address opportunities and challenges inherent to the classification of neurodevelopmental disorders and the implications for clinical practice and research areas.

À partir d'une recherche qualitative menée auprès de femmes âgées de 60 ans et plus, l'article propose une modélisation de la citoyenneté « vécue » dans l'avancée en âge. Construites à partir des pratiques de la vie quotidienne, quatre figures de citoyenneté sont proposées. La présentation des figures met en lumière autant la description des pratiques du quotidien que les finalités d'action qui animent l'agir quotidien. Par la suite, l'analyse narrative examine les diverses formes de citoyenneté vécue des participantes dans le vieillissement. Si les citoyennetés tracées rendent compte de différentes pratiques de participation sociale et d'affiliation au collectif, elles témoignent aussi, par ailleurs, des inégalités sociales et de genre qui sont toujours à l’œuvre pour penser les rapports à la citoyenneté vécue des femmes âgées sous des modes polyphoniques. Based on qualitative research conducted with women aged 60 and over, the paper presents a model of lived citizenship in older age. Four types of citizenship are proposed and analyzed, drawn from the women's everyday-life practices. The types incorporate the goals that drive daily action. Subsequently, our narrative analysis of the interviews examines the various forms of lived citizenship experienced by participants. The citizenship types reflect a variety of forms of social participation and affiliation with society. They also attest to the presence of social and gender inequalities that are still present and embedded in citizenship. Furthermore, the power relations, which generate a gap between dominant citizenship forms and more relational citizenship forms, need to be deconstructed to capture the polyphonic voices that help to build lived citizenship in later life.

SARS-CoV-2 infection is benign in most individuals but, in around 10% of cases, it triggers hypoxaemic COVID-19 pneumonia, which leads to critical illness in around 3% of cases. The ensuing risk of death (approximately 1% across age and gender) doubles every five years from childhood onwards and is around 1.5 times greater in men than in women. Here we review the molecular and cellular determinants of critical COVID-19 pneumonia. Inborn errors of type I interferons (IFNs), including autosomal TLR3 and X-chromosome-linked TLR7 deficiencies, are found in around 1–5% of patients with critical pneumonia under 60 years old, and a lower proportion in older patients. Pre-existing auto-antibodies neutralizing IFNα, IFNβ and/or IFNω, which are more common in men than in women, are found in approximately 15–20% of patients with critical pneumonia over 70 years old, and a lower proportion in younger patients. Thus, at least 15% of cases of critical COVID-19 pneumonia can be explained. The TLR3- and TLR7-dependent production of type I IFNs by respiratory epithelial cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, respectively, is essential for host defence against SARS-CoV-2. In ways that can depend on age and sex, insufficient type I IFN immunity in the respiratory tract during the first few days of infection may account for the spread of the virus, leading to pulmonary and systemic inflammation. The COVID Human Genetic Effort examines the molecular, cellular and immunological determinants of the various SARS-CoV-2-related disease manifestations by searching for causal errors of immunity.

À partir d'une recherche qualitative menée auprès de femmes âgées de 60 ans et plus, l'article propose une modélisation de la citoyenneté « vécue » dans l'avancée en âge. Construites à partir des pratiques de la vie quotidienne, quatre figures de citoyenneté sont proposées. La présentation des figures met en lumière autant la description des pratiques du quotidien que les finalités d'action qui animent l'agir quotidien. Par la suite, l'analyse narrative examine les diverses formes de citoyenneté vécue des participantes dans le vieillissement. Si les citoyennetés tracées rendent compte de différentes pratiques de participation sociale et d'affiliation au collectif, elles témoignent aussi, par ailleurs, des inégalités sociales et de genre qui sont toujours à l’œuvre pour penser les rapports à la citoyenneté vécue des femmes âgées sous des modes polyphoniques.

PurposeThe Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS) is a prospective multicentre cohort study which started to actively enrol study participants in May 2008. It takes advantage of combining data from all transplant programmes in one unique system to perform comprehensive nationwide reporting and to promote translational and clinical post-transplant outcome research in the framework of Swiss transplantation medicine.ParticipantsOver 5500 solid organ transplant recipients have been enrolled in all six Swiss transplant centres by end of 2019, around three-quarter of them for kidney and liver transplants. Ninety-three per cent of all transplanted recipients have consented to study participation, almost all of them (99%) contributed to bio-sampling. The STCS genomic data set includes around 3000 patients.Findings to dateDetailed clinical and laboratory data in high granularity as well as patient-reported outcomes from transplant recipients and activities in Switzerland are available in the last decade. Interdisciplinary contributions in diverse fields of transplantation medicine such as infectious diseases, genomics, oncology, immunology and psychosocial science have resulted in approximately 70 scientific papers getting published in peer-review journals so far.Future plansThe STCS will deepen its efforts in personalised medicine and digital epidemiology, and will also focus on allocation research and the use of causal inference methods to make complex matters in transplant medicine more understandable and transparent.

Purpose We hypothesised that the biological heterogeneity of sepsis may highlight sepsis subtypes with differences in response to intravenous vitamin C treatment in the Lessening Organ Dysfunction with VITamin C (LOVIT) trial. Our aims were to identify sepsis subtypes and to test whether sepsis subtypes have differences in treatment effect to vitamin C and describe putative biological effects of vitamin C treatment. Methods We measured biomarkers of inflammation, at baseline and at 7 days post-randomisation, in 457/863 (53.0%) of participants with plasma samples in the LOVIT trial. We used agglomerative hierarchical clustering on log 10 -transformed baseline data of 26 biomarkers to identify sepsis subtypes. We analysed differences in vitamin C treatment effect with regression models incorporating robust standard errors to report odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (OR(95% CI)). All analyses were completed blinded to treatment allocation. Results Our cohort included 233/429 (54.3%) allocated to vitamin C and 224/434 (51.6%) allocated to placebo. A three-subtype model best explained the variance in our data. Subtype-2 had the highest, and subtype-3 had the lowest levels of inflammatory response. In paired longitudinal samples, vitamin C did not have discernible anti-inflammatory effects, with anti-inflammatory effects related to time since randomisation and concomitant hydrocortisone treatment. The treatment effect estimates (OR (95% CI)) for subtype-1, subtype-2 and subtype-3 were 1.04 (0.63–1.73), 1.33 (0.53–3.36) and 1.95 (0.85–4.49), respectively (test of heterogeneity p  = 0.002). Conclusion We report three sepsis subtypes based on inflammatory response profile. No subtype benefitted from vitamin C treatment in the LOVIT trial, with heterogeneity of treatment effect in the magnitude of harm. Trial registration Funded by the Lotte and John Hecht Memorial Foundation; LOVIT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03680274.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most frequent genetic disorder seen clinically and is characterized by increased LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) (>95th percentile), family history of increased LDL-C, premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in the patient or in first-degree relatives, presence of tendinous xanthomas or premature corneal arcus, or presence of a pathogenic mutation in the , , or genes. A diagnosis of FH has important clinical implications with respect to lifelong risk of ASCVD and requirement for intensive pharmacological therapy. The concentration of baseline LDL-C (untreated) is essential for the diagnosis of FH but is often not available because the individual is already on statin therapy. To validate a new algorithm to impute baseline LDL-C, we examined 1297 patients. The baseline LDL-C was compared with the imputed baseline obtained within 18 months of the initiation of therapy. We compared the percent reduction in LDL-C on treatment from baseline with the published percent reductions. After eliminating individuals with missing data, nonstandard doses of statins, or medications other than statins or ezetimibe, we provide data on 951 patients. The mean ± SE baseline LDL-C was 243.0 (2.2) mg/dL [6.28 (0.06) mmol/L], and the mean ± SE imputed baseline LDL-C was 244.2 (2.6) mg/dL [6.31 (0.07) mmol/L] ( = 0.48). There was no difference in response according to the patient's sex or in percent reduction between observed and expected for individual doses or types of statin or ezetimibe. We provide a validated estimation of baseline LDL-C for patients with FH that may help clinicians in making a diagnosis.