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"Gauthier, Nicolas"
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الآثار المصرية من عصور ما قبيل الأسرات إلى العصر المتأخر : كتالوج متحف الآثار التعليمي بكلية الآداب بجامعة الإسكندرية = Antiquités égyptiennes de la préhistoire à la basse Époque : catalogue du Musée éducatif d'Antiquités de la Faculté des lettres de l'Université d'Alexandrie
يتناول كتاب (الآثار المصرية من عصور ما قبيل الأسرات إلى العصر المتأخر) والذي قام بالإشراف عليه (رانيا عبد الواحد و3 آخرون) ويقع في حوالي (308) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (فهرس متحف الآثار التعليمي بكلية الآداب بجامعة الإسكندرية) مستعرضا المحتويات التالية : الجزء الأول : عصور ما قبل التاريخ وعصر ما قبيل الأسرات، الجزء الثاني : من عصر الدولة القديمة حتى نهاية العصر المتأخر.
Book
People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years
Archaeological and paleoecological evidence shows that by 10,000 BCE, all human societies employed varying degrees of ecologically transformative land use practices, including burning, hunting, species propagation, domestication, cultivation, and others that have left long-term legacies across the terrestrial biosphere. Yet, a lingering paradigm among natural scientists, conservationists, and policymakers is that human transformation of terrestrial nature is mostly recent and inherently destructive. Here, we use the most up-to-date, spatially explicit global reconstruction of historical human populations and land use to show that this paradigm is likely wrong. Even 12,000 y ago, nearly three quarters of Earth’s landwas inhabited and therefore shaped by human societies, including more than 95% of temperate and 90% of tropical woodlands. Lands now characterized as “natural,” “intact,” and “wild” generally exhibit long histories of use, as do protected areas and Indigenous lands, and current global patterns of vertebrate species richness and key biodiversity areas are more strongly associated with past patterns of land use than with present ones in regional landscapes now characterized as natural. The current biodiversity crisis can seldom be explained by the loss of uninhabited wildlands, resulting instead from the appropriation, colonization, and intensifying use of the biodiverse cultural landscapes long shaped and sustained by prior societies. Recognizing this deep cultural connection with biodiversity will therefore be essential to resolve the crisis.
Journal Article
The history of climate and society: a review of the influence of climate change on the human past
Recent decades have seen the rapid expansion of scholarship that identifies societal responses to past climatic fluctuations. This fast-changing scholarship, which was recently synthesized as the History of Climate and Society (HCS), is today undertaken primary by archaeologists, economists, geneticists, geographers, historians and paleoclimatologists. This review is the first to consider how scholars in all of these disciplines approach HCS studies. It begins by explaining how climatic changes and anomalies are reconstructed by paleoclimatologists and historical climatologists. It then provides a broad overview of major changes and anomalies over the 300,000-year history of Homo sapiens, explaining both the causes and environmental consequences of these fluctuations. Next, it introduces the sources, methods, and models employed by scholars in major HCS disciplines. It continues by describing the debates, themes, and findings of HCS scholarship in its major disciplines, and then outlines the potential of transdisciplinary, ‘consilient’ approaches to the field. It concludes by explaining how HCS studies can inform policy and activism that confronts anthropogenic global warming.
Journal Article
Radiogenic strontium isotope variability in the Valley of Oaxaca: A predictive isoscape for Mesoamerican paleomobility studies
Radiogenic strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotope analysis is a well-established method for reconstructing the mobility of human populations in the past and present. Baseline 87Sr/86Sr data are fundamental to the method, as Sr varies across the landscape according to local geology and geoenvironmental factors. The method's application within studies of ancient Mesoamerican paleomobility, however, has concentrated on two key regions-Teotihuacan and the Maya region-despite its potential broader relevance across greater Mesoamerica. This is due in part to a lack of available baseline 87Sr/86Sr data for the region at large. Using the Valley of Oaxaca as a case study, we use Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) to generate a locally calibrated predictive 87Sr/86Sr isoscape model of Mesoamerica in general and the Valley of Oaxaca in particular. We integrate (1) observed 87Sr/86Sr data from modern plant samples (n = 95) from 17 sites across the Valley, (2) a compiled database of continental North and South American 87Sr/86Sr data, (3) geological bedrock maps, and (4) high resolution spatial data on geoenvironmental Sr covariates to iteratively develop and test a high performing predictive model for Mesoamerica, highlighting the importance of regional calibration in developing predictive 87Sr/86Sr isoscapes. Our results indicate that though overlap exists, 87Sr/86Sr can be used to detect migration within the Valley of Oaxaca as well as between the Valley and greater Mesoamerica. We then apply our isoscape to previously published human 87Sr/86Sr data from Monte Albán, Oaxaca to demonstrate how our model's explicit quantification of uncertainty in local 87Sr/86Sr ranges allows for more nuanced interpretation of paleomobility in archaeological samples.
Journal Article
Layer-dependent Raman polarization anisotropy in MoS₂ films grown by 200 mm-scale atomic layer deposition
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) exhibits remarkable electronic and optical properties, making it a candidate of interest for various electronic and optoelectronic applications. We investigate the polarization-angle dependence of individual optical phonons as a function of layer number in MoS
2
using polarized Raman spectroscopy. The MoS₂ layers are grown using 200 mm-scale atomic layer deposition (ALD) on 200 mm silicon wafers. For multilayer MoS
2
samples (> 3 monolayers, ML), the polarization-angle-resolved intensity profiles of both the out-of-plane A1g and in-plane E
1
2g
phonon modes followed the well-known Raman polarization selection rules. However, in thinner samples (≤ 2 ML), deviations from these rules are observed for the E
1
2g
phonon intensity, whereas the A
1g
phonon intensity remains the same regardless of layer number. As the number of layers decreased, the polarization anisotropy of the E
1
2g
phonon mode increased, which is likely linked to stacking disorder and misalignment between the MoS
2
layers. Raman and XPS analysis further support these findings. The stoichiometry of MoS
2
improved with increasing number of layers, and the oxide/Mo ratio decreased correspondingly. This study highlights the potential for 200 mm-scale integration of these 2D materials in optoelectronic devices, offering valuable insights into their structural and optical properties.
Journal Article
The Biobanque québécoise de la COVID-19 (BQC19)—A cohort to prospectively study the clinical and biological determinants of COVID-19 clinical trajectories
SARS-CoV-2 infection causing the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19) has been responsible for more than 2.8 million deaths and nearly 125 million infections worldwide as of March 2021. In March 2020, the World Health Organization determined that the COVID–19 outbreak is a global pandemic. The urgency and magnitude of this pandemic demanded immediate action and coordination between local, regional, national, and international actors. In that mission, researchers require access to high-quality biological materials and data from SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected patients, covering the spectrum of disease manifestations. The “Biobanque québécoise de la COVID-19” (BQC19) is a pan–provincial initiative undertaken in Québec, Canada to enable the collection, storage and sharing of samples and data related to the COVID-19 crisis. As a disease-oriented biobank based on high-quality biosamples and clinical data of hospitalized and non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive and negative individuals. The BQC19 follows a legal and ethical management framework approved by local health authorities. The biosamples include plasma, serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and DNA and RNA isolated from whole blood. In addition to the clinical variables, BQC19 will provide in-depth analytical data derived from the biosamples including whole genome and transcriptome sequencing, proteome and metabolome analyses, multiplex measurements of key circulating markers as well as anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. BQC19 will provide the scientific and medical communities access to data and samples to better understand, manage and ultimately limit, the impact of COVID-19. In this paper we present BQC19, describe the process according to which it is governed and organized, and address opportunities for future research collaborations. BQC19 aims to be a part of a global communal effort addressing the challenges of COVID–19.
Journal Article
Potential of a New, Flexible Electrode sEMG System in Detecting Electromyographic Activation in Low Back Muscles during Clinical Tests: A Pilot Study on Wearables for Pain Management
Background: While low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, its clinical objective assessment is currently limited. Part of this syndrome arises from the abnormal sensorimotor control of back muscles, involving increased muscle fatigability (i.e., assessed with the Biering–Sorensen test) and abnormal muscle activation patterns (i.e., the flexion–extension test). Surface electromyography (sEMG) provides objective measures of muscle fatigue development (median frequency drop, MDF) and activation patterns (RMS amplitude change). This study therefore assessed the sensitivity and validity of a novel and flexible sEMG system (NSS) based on PEVA electrodes and potentially embeddable in textiles, as a tool for objective clinical LBP assessment. Methods: Twelve participants wearing NSS and a commercial laboratory sEMG system (CSS) performed two clinical tests used in LBP assessment (Biering–Sorensen and flexion–extension). Erector spinae muscle activity was recorded at T12-L1 and L4-L5. Results: NSS showed sensitivity to sEMG changes associated with fatigue development and muscle activations during flexion–extension movements (p < 0.05) that were similar to CSS (p > 0.05). Raw signals showed moderate cross-correlations (MDF: 0.60–0.68; RMS: 0.53–0.62). Adding conductive gel to the PEVA electrodes did not influence sEMG signal interpretation (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This novel sEMG system is promising for assessing electrophysiological indicators of LBP during clinical tests.
Journal Article
The macroecology of butyrate‐producing bacteria via metagenomic assessment of butyrate production capacity
Butyrate‐producing bacteria are found in many outdoor ecosystems and host organisms, including humans, and are vital to ecosystem functionality and human health. These bacteria ferment organic matter, producing the short‐chain fatty acid butyrate. However, the macroecological influences on their biogeographical distribution remain poorly resolved. Here we aimed to characterise their global distribution together with key explanatory climatic, geographical and physicochemical variables. We developed new normalised butyrate production capacity (BPC) indices derived from global metagenomic (n = 13,078) and Australia‐wide soil 16S rRNA (n = 1331) data, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and modelling techniques to detail their ecological and biogeographical associations. The highest median BPC scores were found in anoxic and fermentative environments, including the human (BPC = 2.99) and non‐human animal gut (BPC = 2.91), and in some plant–soil systems (BPC = 2.33). Within plant–soil systems, roots (BPC = 2.50) and rhizospheres (BPC = 2.34) had the highest median BPC scores. Among soil samples, geographical and climatic variables had the strongest overall effects on BPC scores (variable importance score range = 0.30–0.03), with human population density also making a notable contribution (variable importance score = 0.20). Higher BPC scores were in soils from seasonally productive sandy rangelands, temperate rural residential areas and sites with moderate‐to‐high soil iron concentrations. Abundances of butyrate‐producing bacteria in outdoor soils followed complex ecological patterns influenced by geography, climate, soil chemistry and hydrological fluctuations. These new macroecological insights further our understanding of the ecological patterns of outdoor butyrate‐producing bacteria, with implications for emerging microbially focused ecological and human health policies. Butyrate‐producing bacteria produce the short‐chain fatty acid butyrate and are vital to ecosystem functionality and human health, but the macroecological influences on their biogeographical distribution remain poorly resolved. Here we developed new normalised butyrate production capacity (BPC) indices derived from global metagenomic (n = 13,078) and Australia‐wide soil 16S rRNA (n = 1331) to characterise their global distribution together with key explanatory climatic, geographical and physicochemical variables. Abundances of butyrate‐producing bacteria in outdoor soils followed complex ecological patterns influenced by geography, climate, soil chemistry and hydrological fluctuations, and our findings lend new macroecological insights for emerging microbially focused ecological and human health policies.
Journal Article
JAK2 inhibition mediates clonal selection of RAS pathway mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms
JAK (Janus Kinase) inhibitors, such as ruxolitinib, were introduced a decade ago for treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). To evaluate ruxolitinib’s impact on MPN clonal evolution, we interrogate a myelofibrosis patient cohort with longitudinal molecular evaluation and discover that ruxolitinib is associated with clonal outgrowth of RAS pathway mutations. Single-cell DNA sequencing combined with ex vivo treatment of
RAS
mutated CD34
+
primary patient cells, demonstrates that ruxolitinib induces
RAS
clonal selection both in a JAK/STAT wild-type and hyper-activated context.
RAS
mutations are associated with decreased transformation-free and overall survival only in patients treated with ruxolitinib. In vitro and in vivo competition assays demonstrate increased cellular fitness of
RAS-
mutated cells under ruxolitinib or
JAK2
knock-down, consistent with an on-target effect. MAPK pathway activation is associated with
JAK2
downregulation resulting in enhanced oncogenic potential of
RAS
mutations. Our results prompt screening for pre-existing
RAS
mutations in JAK inhibitor treated patients with MPN.
The JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib has been used for treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and its association with clonal evolution requires further investigation. Here the authors report accumulation of RAS pathway mutations in ruxolitinib-treated myelofibrosis patients, stemming from RAS clonal selection induced by JAK2 inhibition.
Journal Article
SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in health care workers from 10 hospitals in Quebec, Canada: a cross-sectional study
The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected health care workers. We sought to estimate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among hospital health care workers in Quebec, Canada, after the first wave of the pandemic and to explore factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity.
Between July 6 and Sept. 24, 2020, we enrolled health care workers from 10 hospitals, including 8 from a region with a high incidence of COVID-19 (the Montréal area) and 2 from low-incidence regions of Quebec. Eligible health care workers were physicians, nurses, orderlies and cleaning staff working in 4 types of care units (emergency department, intensive care unit, COVID-19 inpatient unit and non-COVID-19 inpatient unit). Participants completed a questionnaire and underwent SARS-CoV-2 serology testing. We identified factors independently associated with higher seroprevalence.
Among 2056 enrolled health care workers, 241 (11.7%) had positive SARS-CoV-2 serology. Of these, 171 (71.0%) had been previously diagnosed with COVID-19. Seroprevalence varied among hospitals, from 2.4% to 3.7% in low-incidence regions to 17.9% to 32.0% in hospitals with outbreaks involving 5 or more health care workers. Higher seroprevalence was associated with working in a hospital where outbreaks occurred (adjusted prevalence ratio 4.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.63–6.57), being a nurse or nursing assistant (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.34, 95% CI 1.03–1.74) or an orderly (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.49, 95% CI 1.12–1.97), and Black or Hispanic ethnicity (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.41, 95% CI 1.13–1.76). Lower seroprevalence was associated with working in the intensive care unit (adjusted prevalence ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.30–0.71) or the emergency department (adjusted prevalence ratio 0.61, 95% CI 0.39–0.98).
Health care workers in Quebec hospitals were at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in outbreak settings. More work is needed to better understand SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in health care settings.
Journal Article