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Pitaya is one of the most preferred and produced tropical fruit species recently introduced to the Mediterrranean region in Turkey. Due to its nutritional fruits with high economic value, the popularity of pitaya increases steadily in Turkey as an alternative crop. No detailed nutritional analysis has been undertaken in Turkey so far on fruits of the pitaya species. In this study, we determined and compared some nutritional parameters in fruit flesh of two pitaya (dragon fruit) species (Hylocereus polyrhizus: Siyam and Hylocereus undatus: Vietnam Jaina) grown in the Adana province located in the eastern Mediterranean region in Turkey. The individual sugars, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, phenolic compounds and volatiles were determined for the first time in Turkey on two pitaya species. The results showed that total phenol content and antioxidant capacity are notably higher in red-fleshed fruits than white-fleshed ones and the predominant phenolic compound in fruits of both species was quercetin. The total sugar content and most of the phenolic compounds in fruits of two pitaya species were similar. A total of 51 volatile compounds were detected by using two Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) fibers, coupled with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques, and more volatile compounds were presented in the white-fleshed species. Total phenolic content (TPC) of the red-fleshed and white-fleshed pitaya species were 16.66 and 17.11 mg GAE/100 g FW (fresh weight). This study provides a first look at the biochemical comparison of red-fleshed and white-fleshed pitaya species introduced and cultivated in Turkey. The results also showed, for the first time, the biochemical content and the potential health benefit of Hylocereus grown in different agroecological conditions, providing important information for pitaya researchers and application perspective.

Ultrafast linear frequency modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) lasers are a special category of CW lasers. The linear FMCW laser is the light source for many sensing applications, especially for light detection and ranging (LiDAR). However, systems for the generation of high quality linear FMCW light are limited and diverse in terms of technical approaches and mechanisms. Due to a lack of characterization methods for linear FMCW lasers, it is difficult to compare and judge the generation systems in the same category. We propose a novel scheme for measuring the mapping relationship between instantaneous frequency and time of a FMCW laser based on a modified coherent optical spectrum analyzer (COSA) and digital signal processing (DSP) method. Our method has the potential to measure the instantaneous frequency of a FMCW laser at an unlimited sweep rate. In this paper, we demonstrate how to use this new method to precisely measure a FMCW laser at a large fast sweep rate of 5000 THz/s by both simulation and experiments. We find experimentally that the uncertainty of this method is less than 100 kHz and can be improved further if a frequency feedback servo system is introduced to stabilize the local CW laser.

Strawberry (Fragaria spp.) is a member of the Rosoideae subfamily in the family Rosaceae. The self-incompatibility (SI) of some diploid species is a key agronomic trait that acts as a basic pollination barrier; however, the genetic mechanism underlying SI control in strawberry remains unclear. Two candidate S-RNases (Sa- and Sb-RNase) identified in the transcriptome of the styles of the self-incompatible Fragaria viridis 42 were confirmed to be SI determinants at the S locus following genotype identification and intraspecific hybridization using selfing progenies. Whole-genome collinearity and RNase T2 family analysis revealed that only an S locus exists in Fragaria; however, none of the compatible species contained S-RNase. Although the results of interspecific hybridization experiments showed that F. viridis (SI) styles could accept pollen from F. mandshurica (self-compatible), the reciprocal cross was incompatible. Sa and Sb-RNase contain large introns, and their noncoding sequences (promotors and introns) can be transcribed into long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Overall, the genus Fragaria exhibits S-RNase-based gametophytic SI, and S-RNase loss occurs at the S locus of compatible germplasms. In addition, a type of SI-independent unilateral incompatibility exists between compatible and incompatible Fragaria species. Furthermore, the large introns and neighboring lncRNAs in S-RNase in Fragaria could offer clues about S-RNase expression strategies.

The fruit ripening season for the rabbiteye blueberry often coincides with periods of heavy rainfall in central–eastern China. The use of rain shelters to protect fruit from rainfall damage has increased worldwide due to global climate anomalies. However, the effects of rain-shelter cultivation on the photosynthesis and fruit characteristics of the rabbiteye blueberry have not yet been fully explored. In the present study, 4-year-old container-grown rabbiteye blueberry plants were covered with polyethylene (PE) film from the berry coloration stage until fruit were harvested for three consecutive years in Nanjing, China. The results showed that rain-shelter cultivation did not affect the air temperature and relative humidity, but significantly reduced the photosynthetically active radiation and UV radiation reaching the canopy zone. However, the rain shelter conditions did not significantly decrease the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (E) of the rabbiteye blueberry leaves. Additionally, the fruit yield and berry weight of blueberries cultivated under the rain shelter were not significantly affected. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in total soluble solids, acidity, and total flavonoids content between fruits grown under the rain shelter and in the open field in all experimental years, but a significant decrease in total polyphenols and anthocyanins content was observed in fruits grown under the rain shelter in years with less rainfall. Our results suggest that simple rain shelter cultivation did not noticeably affect the photosynthesis and fruit yield of container-grown rabbiteye blueberry in rainy areas of central–eastern China, but its effects on the fruit quality vary depending on rainfall during the fruit ripening period.

Fragaria viridis exhibits S -RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility, in which S -RNase is the major factor inhibiting pollen tube growth. However, the pathways involved in and the immediate causes of the inhibition of pollen tube growth remain unknown. Here, interactive RNA sequencing and proteome analysis revealed changes in the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of F. viridis styles harvested at 0 and 24 h after self-pollination. A total of 2,181 differentially expressed genes and 200 differentially abundant proteins were identified during the pollen development stage of self-pollination. Differentially expressed genes and differentially abundant proteins associated with self-incompatible pollination were further mined, and multiple pathways were found to be involved. Interestingly, the expression pattern of the transcription factor FviYABBY1, which is linked to polar growth, differed from those of other genes within the same family. Specifically, FviYABBY1 expression was extremely high in pollen, and its expression trend in self-pollinated styles was consistent with that of S-RNase . Furthermore, FviYABBY1 interacted with S -RNase in a non-S haplotype way. Therefore, FviYABBY1 affects the expression of polar growth-related genes in self-pollen tubes and is positively regulated by S -RNase.

Hemsl. 1889 is an endemic deciduous shrub in China, belonging to the family Ericaceae. In this study, the first complete chloroplast genome of was assembled and annotated. The genome was 176,339 bp in size containing a large single-copy region of length 106,115 bp, a small single-copy region of length 3022 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions of 33,601 bp each. It contained 139 genes, including 91 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis exhibited and were phylogenetic closely related. The chloroplast genome of would provide valuable information for phylogenetic and evolutionary research on genus

It is clear that the incompatibility system in Fragaria is gametophytic, however, the genetic mechanism behind this remains elusive. Eleven second-generation lines of Fragaria viridis with different compatibility were obtained by manual self-pollination, which can be displayed directly by the level of fruit-set rate. We sequenced two second-generation selfing lines with large differences in fruit-set rate: Ls-S2-53 as a self-incompatible sequencing sample, and Ls-S2-76 as a strong self-compatible sequencing sample. Fragaria vesca was used as a completely self-compatible reference sample, and the genome-wide variations were identified and subsequently annotated. The distribution of polymorphisms is similar on each chromosome between the two sequencing samples, however, the distribution regions and the number of homozygous variations are inconsistent. Expression pattern analysis showed that six candidate genes were significantly associated with self-incompatibility. Using F. vesca as a reference, we focused our attention on the gene FIP2-like (FH protein interacting protein), associated with actin cytoskeleton formation, as the resulting proteins in Ls-S2-53 and Ls-S2-76 have each lost a number of different amino acids. Suppression of FIP2-like to some extent inhibits germination of pollen grains and growth of pollen tubes by reducing F-actin of the pollen tube tips. Our results suggest that the differential distribution of homozygous variations affects F. viridis fruit-set rate and that the fully encoded FIP2-like can function normally to promote F-actin formation, while the new FIP2-like proteins with shortened amino acid sequences have influenced the (in)compatibility of two selfing lines of F. viridis.

The optimization of tissue culture protocols for blueberry propagation is crucial to meet the increasing demand for disease-free planting materials. This study aimed to determine the effects of three auxins (IBA, IAA, and NAA) at different concentrations to enhance root and shoot development of two blueberry cultivars with different abilities to root, ‘Lanmei #1’and ‘Brightwell’. Results showed that NAA at 0.5 mg·L significantly promoted shoot number and length in ‘Lanmei #1’ while ‘Brightwell’ showed a limited response. IAA had a variable impact on both shoot and root parameters, with ‘Lanmei #1’ showing more pronounced positive responses. IBA showed a differential response on root and shoot parameters in both cultivars, with ‘Lanmei #1’ showing a superior response for shoot number, length, root length, and overall plant vigor. Activated carbon had minimal effect on growth parameters across both cultivars. ‘Lanmei #1’ demonstrated a robust response to auxin treatments, suggesting it is more suitable for in vitro rooting. The present results confirm previous data on the different abilities of blueberry genotypes to root and the necessity of optimizing the rooting protocol depending on the cultivar.

TN959.98; 在现有的激光雷达技术中,频率调制连续波体制的激光雷达相比于传统的飞行时间激光雷达具有分辨力高、测量准确度高、设备轻巧、功耗低等优势;得益于使用连续光信号进行测量,调频连续波激光雷达还具有高灵敏度、信息量丰富、处理解调容易等特有的性能.对高分辨力、高准确度的探测需求而言具有很强的竞争力,并具有非常好的集成化、小型化、低能耗的潜力.本文介绍了调频连续波激光雷达的基本工作原理和重要参数,根据实现频率调制连续波的激光光源方案,分类介绍了近十几年来调频连续波雷达的研究进展,并探讨了各种方案的特点.

A discrimination measurement method and demodulation technique for fiber Bragg grating （FBG） sensors were presented using digital filtering technique. The system can control a tunable fiber Fabry-Perot filter with sawtooth wave voltage generated by digital clock to interrogate FBG sensors. Using the analogue digital converter （ADC）, the reflected FBG signals were sampled with synchronous digital clock. With the aid of digital matched filtering technique, the sampled FBG signals were processed to obtain the maximum signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） and the Bragg wavelength shift from the FBG signals was recovered. The results demonstrate that this system has a scanning range of 1 520 nm-1 575 nm,and the wavelength detection accuracy is less than 2 pm with 1.5 Hz scanning frequency.