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The use of highly-active and robust catalysts is crucial for producing green hydrogen by water electrolysis as we strive to achieve global carbon neutrality. Noble metals like platinum are currently used catalysts in industry for the hydrogen evolution, but suffer from scarcity, high price and unsatisfied performance and stability at large current density, restrict their large-scale implementations. Here we report the synthesis of a type of monolith catalyst consisting of a metal disulfide (e.g., tantalum sulfides) vertically bonded to a conductive substrate of the same metal tantalum by strong covalent bonds. These features give the monolith catalyst a mechanically-robust and electrically near-zero-resistance interface, leading to an excellent hydrogen evolution performance including rapid charge transfer and excellent durability, together with a low overpotential of 398 mV to achieve a current density of 2,000 mA cm −2 as required by industry. The monolith catalyst has a negligible performance decay after 200 h operation at large current densities. In light of its robust and metallic interface and the various choices of metals giving the same structure, such monolith materials would have broad uses besides catalysis. Water electrolysis is a promising hydrogen production technique but is restricted from large-scale application due to poor performance and high cost. Here, the authors report a mechanically stable monolith electrocatalyst that achieves superior hydrogen evolution at large current densities.

Direct seawater electrolysis is promising for sustainable hydrogen gas (H 2 ) production. However, the chloride ions in seawater lead to side reactions and corrosion, which result in a low efficiency and poor stability of the electrocatalyst and hinder the use of seawater electrolysis technology. Here we report a corrosion-resistant RuMoNi electrocatalyst, in which the in situ-formed molybdate ions on its surface repel chloride ions. The electrocatalyst works stably for over 3000 h at a high current density of 500 mA cm −2 in alkaline seawater electrolytes. Using the RuMoNi catalyst in an anion exchange membrane electrolyzer, we report an energy conversion efficiency of 77.9% and a current density of 1000 mA cm −2 at 1.72 V. The calculated price per gallon of gasoline equivalent (GGE) of the H 2 produced is $ 0.85, which is lower than the 2026 technical target of $ 2.0/GGE set by the United Stated Department of Energy, thus, suggesting practicability of the technology. Direct seawater electrolysis is promising for sustainable hydrogen production but suffers severe side reactions and corrosion. Here, the authors report a corrosion-resistant electrocatalyst with in situ-formed chloride-ion-repelling cation layer for efficient and long-lasting seawater oxidation.

Constructing stable electrodes which function over long timescales at large current density is essential for the industrial realization and implementation of water electrolysis. However, rapid gas bubble detachment at large current density usually results in peeling-off of electrocatalysts and performance degradation, especially for long term operations. Here we construct a mechanically-stable, all-metal, and highly active CuMo 6 S 8 /Cu electrode by in-situ reaction between MoS 2 and Cu. The Chevrel phase electrode exhibits strong binding at the electrocatalyst-support interface with weak adhesion at electrocatalyst-bubble interface, in addition to fast hydrogen evolution and charge transfer kinetics. These features facilitate the achievement of large current density of 2500 mA cm −2 at a small overpotential of 334 mV which operate stably at 2500 mA cm −2 for over 100 h. In-situ total internal reflection imaging at micrometer level and mechanical tests disclose the relationships of two interfacial forces and performance of electrocatalysts. This dual interfacial engineering strategy can be extended to construct stable and high-performance electrodes for other gas-involving reactions. Stable electrodes which operate at large current density are essential for industrial water electrolysis. Here, a highly active Chevrel phase electrode is reported to achieve 2500 mA/cm −2 current density for 300 hours at small overpotentials.

Virtual impactors are widely used for particulate matter (PM) classification due to their advantages of small cut-off particle size, simple structural design, ease of operation, and high particle handling capability, enabling subsequent analysis based on the desired aerodynamic diameter. Existing studies have mainly focused on the effects of particle size and structural parameters on classification performance, whereas systematic investigations into the regulatory mechanisms of fluid medium properties and ambient temperature variations on cut-off particle size remain relatively limited. Particularly under low-temperature gas conditions, variations in gas dynamic viscosity may significantly influence the dynamics of inertial particle separation, thereby altering the classification performance of virtual impactors. In this study, a low-temperature carbon dioxide-driven virtual impactor is proposed. By regulating the physicochemical properties of low-temperature gas, effective control over the particle inertial separation process is achieved, thereby expanding the tunable range of classification performance in virtual impactors. Numerical simulation results indicate that under low-temperature CO2 conditions, the virtual impactor can achieve a cut-off particle size classification capability of approximately 1.8 μm for fine particles. Under identical channel dimensions, a comparative analysis between conventional rectangular main channels and trapezoidal main channels was conducted, quantitatively showing that wall loss decreased from 44% to 24%. Based on the trapezoidal main channel configuration, further parametric studies on the horizontal inlet geometric dimensions were performed, revealing their influence on separation efficiency and wall loss. To validate the reliability of the numerical simulation results, particle separation experiments were conducted using polystyrene microspheres with particle sizes of 2 μm and 5 μm. Experimental results demonstrate that the virtual impactor can achieve stable particle separation and confirm the reliability of simulation-predicted particle classification trends. The results further show that, when driven by low-temperature CO2 combined with trapezoidal main channel structural optimization, the cut-off particle size of the virtual impactor decreases by approximately 26%, from 2.5 μm to about 1.8 μm. The trapezoidal channel structure significantly reduces particle wall loss under specific cut-off particle size conditions, while the low dynamic viscosity characteristic of low-temperature CO2 lowers the internal gas temperature environment of the microchannel, thereby improving inertial particle separation efficiency.

The dynamic changes of RNA N6-methyladenosine (m 6 A) during cancer progression participate in various cellular processes. However, less is known about a possible direct connection between upstream regulator and m 6 A modification, and therefore affects oncogenic progression. Here, we have identified that a key enzyme in N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) acetylation NAT10 is highly expressed in human osteosarcoma tissues, and its knockdown enhanced m 6 A contents and significantly suppressed osteosarcoma cell growth, migration and invasion. Further results revealed that NAT10 silence inhibits mRNA stability and translation of m 6 A reader protein YTHDC1, and displayed an increase in glucose uptake, a decrease in lactate production and pyruvate content. YTHDC1 recognizes differential m 6 A sites on key enzymes of glycolysis phosphofructokinase (PFKM) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) mRNAs, which suppress glycolysis pathway by increasing mRNA stability of them in an m 6 A methylation-dependent manner. YTHDC1 partially abrogated the inhibitory effect caused by NAT10 knockdown in tumor models in vivo, lentiviral overexpression of YTHDC1 partially restored the reduced stability of YTHDC1 caused by lentiviral depleting NAT10 at the cellular level. Altogether, we found ac4C driven RNA m 6 A modification can positively regulate the glycolysis of cancer cells and reveals a previously unrecognized signaling axis of NAT10/ac4C-YTHDC1/m 6 A-LDHA/PFKM in osteosarcoma. 6WoSibQBSZGZLQEcMB75Lw Video Abstract

As an important energy carrier in terms of carbon neutrality, green hydrogen produced by water electrolysis using renewable electricity has attracted worldwide attention. The polymer electrolyte water electrolyzer (PEWE) has the potential to be a mainstay in the green hydrogen market in the future because of its superior performance. However, the development of PEWE is constrained by the slow progress of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which is an essential component of PEWE and largely determines the cost and performance of the system. Therefore, the MEA must be optimized from the aspects of reducing cost and improving performance to promote the development of PEWEs. In this review, we first discuss the recent progress of the materials and design strategies of MEA, including the cost, activity, and stability of catalysts, distribution and thickness of ionomers, and ion transport efficiency of ion exchange membranes (IEMs). Then, the effects of all components and interlayer interfaces on the ions, electrons, and mass transfer in MEA and, consequently, the performance of PEWE are analyzed. Finally, we propose perspectives on developing MEA by optimizing the catalyst activity and stability of IEM, interface contact between adjacent components, and evaluation methods of performance.

A bridge role metric model is put forward in this paper. Compared with previous metric models, our solution of a large-scale object-oriented software system as a complex network is inherently more realistic. To acquire nodes and links in an undirected network, a new model that presents the crucial connectivity of a module or the hub instead of only centrality as in previous metric models is presented. Two previous metric models are described for comparison. In addition, it is obvious that the fitting curve between the Bre results and degrees can well be fitted by a power law. The model represents many realistic characteristics of actual software structures, and a hydropower simulation system is taken as an example. This paper makes additional contributions to an accurate understanding of module design of software systems and is expected to be beneficial to software engineering practices.

The dynamic changes of RNA N6-methyladenosine (m A) during cancer progression participate in various cellular processes. However, less is known about a possible direct connection between upstream regulator and m A modification, and therefore affects oncogenic progression. Here, we have identified that a key enzyme in N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) acetylation NAT10 is highly expressed in human osteosarcoma tissues, and its knockdown enhanced m A contents and significantly suppressed osteosarcoma cell growth, migration and invasion. Further results revealed that NAT10 silence inhibits mRNA stability and translation of m A reader protein YTHDC1, and displayed an increase in glucose uptake, a decrease in lactate production and pyruvate content. YTHDC1 recognizes differential m A sites on key enzymes of glycolysis phosphofructokinase (PFKM) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) mRNAs, which suppress glycolysis pathway by increasing mRNA stability of them in an m A methylation-dependent manner. YTHDC1 partially abrogated the inhibitory effect caused by NAT10 knockdown in tumor models in vivo, lentiviral overexpression of YTHDC1 partially restored the reduced stability of YTHDC1 caused by lentiviral depleting NAT10 at the cellular level. Altogether, we found ac4C driven RNA m A modification can positively regulate the glycolysis of cancer cells and reveals a previously unrecognized signaling axis of NAT10/ac4C-YTHDC1/m A-LDHA/PFKM in osteosarcoma. Video Abstract.

To solve the problem of heterogeneity of Marine fisheries data and information island phenomenon, this paper is based on semantic Web technologies, suitable for fishing industry characteristics of data sharing and management mechanism, establish a unified interface standard information platform, develop the physical and chemical database metadata specifications, develop and release corresponding metadata management tool, to assist and guide the professional data center to complete the professional database metadata construction, for scientific and technological progress and innovation, government decision-making and support economic development.

Background: Phototherapies based on sunlight, infrared, ultraviolet, visible, and laser-based treatments present advantages like high curative effects, small invasion, and negligible adverse reactions in cancer treatment. We aimed to explore the potential therapeutic effects of blue light emitting diode (LED) in human hepatoma cells and decipher the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Methods: Wound healing and transwell assays were employed to probe the inhibition of the invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in the presence of blue LED. The sphere-forming test was used to evaluate the effect of LED blue light irradiation on cancer stem cell properties. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to detect the changes in γ-H2AX. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine staining, and colony formation assay were used to detect the combined effect of blue LED and sorafenib on cell proliferation inhibition. Results: We demonstrated that the irradiation of blue LED light in hepatoma cells could lead to cell proliferation reduction along with the increase of cell apoptosis. Simultaneously, blue LED irradiation also markedly suppressed the migration and invasion ability of human hepatoma cells. Sphere formation analysis further revealed the decreased cancer stemness of hepatoma cells upon blue LED irradiation. Mechanistically, blue LED irradiation significantly promoted the expression of the phosphorylation of the core histone protein H2AX (γ-H2AX), a sensitive molecular marker of DNA damage. In addition, we found that the combined treatment of blue LED irradiation and sorafenib increased cancer cell sensitivity to sorafenib. Conclusion: Collectively, we demonstrated that blue LED irradiation exhibited anti-tumor effects on liver cancer cells by inducing DNA damage and could enhance chemosensitivity of cancer cells, which represents a potential approach for human hepatoma treatment.