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Background To analyze the anatomical partitioning of the retroperitoneal space and determine the distribution patterns of primary retroperitoneal neurogenic tumors (PRNTs). Methods Retrospectively analyze the clinical data and CT data of 401 patients with single-injection PRNT confirmed by surgical pathology, including 103 cases of neuroendocrine origin, 148 cases of neuroectodermal origin, and 150 cases of peripheral nerve origin. The retroperitoneal space was divided into the anterior pararenal space, posterior pararenal space, perirenal space, and great vessel space. The anatomical location of each PRNT was determined using axial CT images, and distribution patterns of PRNTs with different pathological properties were analyzed. Results There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of benign and malignant PRNTs ( p  < 0.01), PRNTs from different tissues ( p  < 0.01), and PRNTs of different pathological types ( p  < 0.01) in different anatomical divisions. The occurrence of PRNTs varied significantly by age group, with statistically significant differences across pathological types ( p  < 0.01). Conclusion The anatomical distribution of PRNT could provide an effective imaging basis for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of PRNT, aiding in more accurate clinical assessment and treatment planning.

An outstanding chess player needs to accumulate massive visual and spatial information for chess configurations. Visual motion area (MT) is considered as a brain region specialized for visual motion perception and visuospatial attention processing. However, how long-term chess training shapes the functional connectivity patterns of MT, especially its functional subregions, has rarely been investigated. In our study, using resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) and Granger causality analysis (GCA), we studied the changed functional couplings of MT subregions between 28 chess master players and 27 gender- and age-matched healthy novices to reveal the neural basis of long-term professional chess training. RSFC analysis identified decreased functional connections between right dorsal-anterior subregion (CI1.R) and left angular gyrus, and increased functional connections between right ventral-anterior MT subregion (CI2.R) and right superior temporal gyrus in chess experts. Moreover, GCA analyses further found increased mutual interactions of left angular gyrus and CI1.R in chess experts compared to novice players. These findings demonstrate that long-term professional chess training could enhance spatial perception and reconfiguration and semantic processing efficiency for superior performance.

Previous studies have revealed changed functional connectivity patterns between brain areas in chess players using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). However, how to exactly characterize the voxel-wise whole brain functional connectivity pattern changes in chess players remains unclear. It could provide more convincing evidence for establishing the relationship between long-term chess practice and brain function changes. In this study, we employed newly developed whole brain functional connectivity pattern homogeneity (FcHo) method to identify the voxel-wise changes of functional connectivity patterns in 28 chess master players and 27 healthy novices. Seed-based functional connectivity analysis was used to identify the alteration of corresponding functional couplings. FcHo analysis revealed significantly increased whole brain functional connectivity pattern similarity in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), anterior middle temporal gyrus (aMTG), primary visual cortex (V1), and decreased FcHo in thalamus and precentral gyrus in chess players. Resting-state functional connectivity analyses identified chess players showing decreased functional connections between V1 and precentral gyrus. Besides, a linear support vector machine (SVM) based classification achieved an accuracy of 85.45%, a sensitivity of 85.71% and a specificity of 85.19% to differentiate chess players from novices by leave-one-out cross-validation. Finally, correlation analyses revealed that the mean FcHo values of thalamus were significantly negatively correlated with the training time. Our findings provide new evidences for the important roles of ACC, aMTG, V1, thalamus and precentral gyrus in chess players. The findings also indicate that long-term professional chess training may enhance the semantic and episodic processing, efficiency of visual-motor transformation, and cognitive ability.

Objectives To construct and validate a combined model integrating chest X-ray (CXR)-based radiomic features and clinical characteristics for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) identification, while enhancing model interpretability. Materials and methods Paired CXR images and clinical data were collected from 17 hospitals between January 2017 and December 2023. Data from 11 centers were divided into a training cohort and an internal validation cohort at a 7:3 ratio, with data from the remaining 6 centers serving as an external validation cohort. Three models (radiomic model, clinical model, and combined model) were constructed, and the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was used to interpret model performance. Results A total of 2433 participants were enrolled, with a mean age of (66.9 ± 11.4) years, including 1564 males and 819 COPD patients. The radiomic model achieved AUCs of 0.760, 0.754, and 0.764 in the training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the clinical model (AUCs: 0.631, 0.651, and 0.673; all p  < 0.001). SHAP analysis revealed that age, radiomic features, smoking history, and sex were crucial for COPD identification. Conclusions This study successfully constructed a CXR-based combined radiomic-clinical model for COPD, which demonstrated good performance and high accuracy in identifying COPD in this multicenter study. The SHAP method enhanced the model’s interpretability and clinical applicability. Critical relevance statement This study develops a CXR radiomic-clinical COPD identification model with SHAP-enhanced interpretability, advancing interpretable, widely applicable COPD screening in clinical radiology. Key Points The clinical screening rate for COPD remains severely inadequate. The combined model integrating chest X-ray radiomic features and clinical variables enables accurate differentiation between patients with COPD and non-COPD individuals. Global SHAP analysis reveals that radiomic features are the primary factor influencing COPD identification, followed by age, sex, and smoking status. Local SHAP analysis can intuitively visualize the model’s decision-making process at the individual sample level. Graphical Abstract

Previous studies have shown that selenium possessed chemotherapeutic effect against multiple malignant cancers, inducing diverse stress responses including apoptosis and autophagy. Selenite was previously shown to induce apoptosis and autophagy in colorectal cancer cells. However, the relationship between selenite-induced apoptosis and autophagy was not fully understood. Our results revealed a pro-survival role of selenite-induced autophagy against apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Real-time PCR array of autophagy-related genes showed that GABARAPL-1 was significantly upregulated in colorectal cancer cells, which was confirmed by western blot and immunofluorescence results. Knockdown of GABARAPL-1 significantly inhibited selenite-induced autophagy and enhanced apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that selenite-induced upregulation of GABARAPL-1 was caused by upregulated p-AMPK and FoxO3a level. Their interaction was correlated with involved in regulation of GABARAPL-1. We observed that activation and inhibition of AMPK influenced both autophagy and apoptosis level via FoxO3a/ GABARAPL-1 signaling, implying the pro-survival role of autophagy against apoptosis. Importantly, we corroborated these findings in a colorectal cancer xenograft animal model with immunohistochemistry and western blot results. Collectively, these results show that sodium selenite could induce ROS/AMPK/FoxO3a/GABARAPL-1-mediated autophagy and downregulate apoptosis in both colorectal cancer cells and colon xenograft model. These findings help to explore sodium selenite as a potential anti-cancer drug in clinical practices.

The effect of rare earth Ce on mechanical properties is studied by investigating the precipitates evolution during heat treatment of 34CrNiMo6 steel. Five different rare earth Ce contents are carried out with the same holding time 3 hours. Then, the mechanical properties of 34CrNiMo6 steel are obtained under steady state conditions and impact conditions, respectively. The strength decreases while the elongation after breakage increases with the rare earth Ce content increasing. The impact absorbing energy at 20°C and −40°C increases with the rare earth Ce content increasing. Based on the experimental results, the recommended rare earth Ce content is 0.05 wt.%. The differences in mechanical properties among the different rare earth Ce contents may be the nucleation rate and growth of precipitates under different conditions. The spherification degree of cementite is more complete with rare earth Ce content, resulting in the decrease of mechanical properties and improvement of ductility.

To assess the quantification accuracy of pulmonary nodules using virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) derived from spectral-detector computed tomography (CT) under an ultra-low-dose scan protocol. A chest phantom consisting of 12 pulmonary nodules was scanned using spectral-detector CT at 100 kVp/10 mAs, 100 kVp/20 mAs, 120 kVp/10 mAs, and 120 kVp/30 mAs. Each scanning protocol was repeated three times. Each CT scan was reconstructed utilizing filtered back projection, hybrid iterative reconstruction, iterative model reconstruction (IMR), and VMIs of 40-100 keV. The signal-to-noise ratio and air noise of images, absolute differences, and absolute percentage measurement errors (APEs) of the diameter, density, and volume of the 4 scan protocols and 10 reconstruction images were compared. With each fixed reconstruction image, the four scanning protocols exhibited no significant differences in APEs for diameter and density (all > 0.05). Of the 4 scan protocols and 10 reconstruction images, APEs for nodule volume had no significant differences (all > 0.05). At 100 kVp/10 mAs, APEs for density using IMR were the lowest (APE : 6.69), but no significant difference was detected between VMIs at 50 keV (APE : 11.69) and IMR ( = 0.666). In the subgroup analysis, at 100 kVp/10 mAs, there were no significant differences between VMIs at 50 keV and IMR in diameter and density (all > 0.05). The radiation dose at 100 kVp/10 mAs was reduced by 77.8% compared with that at 120 kVp/30 mAs. Compared with IMR, reconstruction at 100 kVp/10 mAs and 50 keV provides a more accurate quantification of pulmonary nodules, and the radiation dose is reduced by 77.8% compared with that at 120 kVp/30 mAs, demonstrating great potential for ultra-low-dose spectral-detector CT.

Technoethics is an interdisciplinary research area that means ethics in technology. Technology is transformed into the products in our daily life by industrial design and the negative effects of technology abuse makes ethics issues cannot be ignored. But design ethics research rarely from the perspective of technoethics, which is worth reviewing and summarizing. This review focused on the influence of technoethics on industrial design in the context of technological development. Through studying technoethics and industrial design from the 19th century, we find they have similar developing processes and the early 20th century and 1970s are two key point in time. This article aims to present the development of technoethics and industrial design intuitively on a timeline to discuss the impact on industrial design from the perspective of technoethics.

Large-scale nanoporous amorphous silica nanostructure is fabricated via a simply etched approach and effective thermal evaporation process. The nanoporous amorphous silica was synthesized by a general and scalable process via etching by metal particles on the silica sheets. In this study, we elucidated how a nanoporous structure was performed and the addition of indium is the key factor that determined the formation of the nanoporous structures. The morphology and the sizes of the porous structure could be tunable by the sizes and the shape of the metal. We discovered a promising optical property in the as-synthesized nanostructures, which have a photoluminescence in an intensive ultraviolet emission as well as a broad visible emission at room temperature.

We investigate a stochastic Food-Chain System d x ( t ) = [ r 1 ( t ) - a 11 ( t ) x - ( a 12 ( t ) y / ( 1 + β 1 ( t ) x + γ 1 ( t ) y ) ) ] x d t + σ 1 ( t ) x d B 1 ( t ) , d y ( t ) = [ r 2 ( t ) - a 21 ( t ) y + ( a 22 ( t ) x / ( 1 + β 1 ( t ) x + γ 1 ( t ) y ) ) - ( a 23 ( t ) z / ( 1 + β 2 ( t ) y + γ 2 ( t ) z ) ) ] y d t + σ 2 ( t ) y d B 2 ( t ) , d z ( t ) = [ - r 3 ( t ) + ( a 3 1 ( t ) y / ( 1 + β 2 ( t ) y + γ 2 ( t ) z ) ) - a 32 ( t ) z ] z d t + σ 3 ( t ) z d B 3 ( t ) , where B i ( t ) , i = 1 , 2 , 3 , is a standard Brownian motion. Firstly, the existence, the uniqueness, and the positivity of the solution are proved. Secondly, the stochastically ultimate boundedness of the system is investigated. Thirdly, the boundedness of moments and upper-growth rate of the solution are obtained. Then the global attractivity of the system is discussed. Finally, the main results are illustrated by several examples.