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As a form of green infrastructure, green roofs can enhance urban biodiversity by providing complex vegetation structures, supplying increased foraging and roosting opportunities for animals and increasing habitat connectivity. Although it is widely believed that green roofs can promote urban biodiversity, this idea has not been widely studied on an empirical scale. Therefore, a systematic understanding of the relationship between green roofs and biodiversity from different perspectives is still lacking. Here we provide a systematic review of the empirical literature on the relationship between green roofs and biodiversity. The results suggest that green roofs benefit urban biodiversity to some extent but cannot replace quondam natural habitats or complex artificial greening environments. Additionally, the studies reviewed here focused primarily on the diversity of plants or arthropods and were conducted almost exclusively in the United States and the United Kingdom. Moreover, most studies investigating the factors of green roofs affecting biodiversity focused on roof area, height, age, substrate depth, and plant community. To improve our understanding of the relationship between green roofs and urban biodiversity, more extensive research, particularly in developing countries, as well as more in-depth studies of a greater number of species and taxa, including chordates, mollusks and microbes, from different perspectives (e.g. at the genetic level) and other potential pathways are needed. In the future, the density, distribution pattern, distance and location relationship between different green roofs should be considered in an integrated manner. In order to more effectively support urban biodiversity, green roofs should be used in conjunction with other urban green spaces.

This article introduces a novel, single‐layer, low‐profile, circularly polarized metasurface antenna. Through characteristic mode analysis, the optimization of a 3× $\\times$ 3 rectangular metasurface structure was performed. Two orthogonal modes were selected as the operating modes, and improvements to the metasurface structure were made to achieve a 90∘ $^\\circ$phase difference between these modes. The adoption of a coplanar waveguide structure enables the excitation of the metasurface, facilitating circularly polarized radiation performance for the two selected modes. The antenna's dimensions are 40 mm × $\\times$40 mm × $\\times$3 mm (0.67 λ $\\lambda$× $\\times$0.67 λ $\\lambda$× $\\times$0.05 λ $\\lambda$ ), featuring a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 27.8% (4.49–5.94 GHz). The 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 14.2% (5.25–6.05 GHz), with a maximum gain of 7.26 dBi. This article introduces a novel, single‐layer, low‐profile, circularly polarized metasurface antenna. Through characteristic mode analysis, the optimization of a 3× $\\times$ 3 rectangular metasurface structure was performed. Two orthogonal modes were selected as the operating modes, and improvements to the metasurface structure were made to achieve a 90∘ $^\\circ$phase difference between these modes. The adoption of a coplanar waveguide structure enables the excitation of the metasurface, facilitating circularly polarized radiation performance for the two selected modes. The antenna's dimensions are 40 mm × $\\times$40 mm × $\\times$3 mm, featuring a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 27.8% (4.49–5.94 GHz). The 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 14.2% (5.25–6.05 GHz), with a maximum gain of 7.26 dBi.

With the excessive use of fossil energy and concern for environmental protection, biomass gasification as an effective means of biomass energy utilization has received widespread attention worldwide. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO 2 ) (T ≥ 31.26 °C, P  ≥ 72.9 atm) has the advantages of near liquid density and high solubility, and the supercritical carbon dioxide gasification of biomass will be a promising technology. However, there has been no research on the technology at present. In this work, experimental study on supercritical carbon dioxide gasification of biomass were carried out in a batch reactor. The influences of temperature, residence time, the amount of carbon dioxide and catalyst on gas yield and fraction were investigated. Experimental results showed that the gas yield and carbon gasification efficiency (CE) of biomass gasification increased with increasing temperature, reaction time or the amount of carbon dioxide. As the gasification temperature increased from 700 °C to 900 °C, the gas yield increased from 23.53 to 50.24 mol/kg biomass and CE increased from 47.26% to 94.53% in CO 2 atmosphere at 30 min. The gasification efficiency of biomass was greatly improved with catalyst, and the effect of impregnated catalyst was better than that of mechanical mixing. The gas yield increased from 23.72 to 50.24 mol/kg biomass with the increasing of the equivalent ratio from 0 to 1 at 900 °C and 30 min. Finally, a detailed supercritical carbon dioxide gasification mechanism of biomass was proposed.

With the global ambition of moving towards carbon neutrality, this sets to increase significantly with most of the energy sources from renewables. As a result, cost-effective and resource efficient energy conversion and storage will have a great role to play in energy decarbonization. This review focuses on the most recent developments of one of the most promising energy conversion and storage technologies – the calcium-looping. It includes the basics and barriers of calcium-looping beyond CO2 capture and storage (CCS) and technological solutions to address the associated challenges from material to system. Specifically, this paper discusses the flexibility of calcium-looping in the context of CO2 capture, combined with the use of H2-rich fuel gas conversion and thermochemical heat storage. To take advantage of calcium-looping based energy integrated utilization of CCS (EIUCCS) in carbon neutral power generation, multiple-scale process innovations will be required, starting from the material level and extending to the system level.

Soil salinization threatens soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. Although microbial necromass carbon (MNC) is crucial for SOC formation and stability, how biochar affects MNC in saline–alkaline soils remains unclear. This study assessed the impact of biochar amendment (0, 10, 20, and 30 t ha−1) on SOC and MNC dynamics in saline–alkaline soils cultivated with Arundo donax cv. Lvzhou No. 1 across tillering, jointing, and maturity stages. Biochar amendment significantly enhanced SOC and the soil C/N ratio, with the highest dose (30 t ha−1) raising SOC by 47.21% at jointing and 34.64% at maturity. Biochar significantly increased MNC at all growth stages, with increases ranging from 22.74% to 30.81%. From the jointing to the maturity stage, SOC exhibited a decline (20.03 to 27.77%), in contrast to the minimal change in MNC (–6.37% to 9.80%). This divergent trend consequently led to a peak in the MNC/SOC ratio at maturity. It directly demonstrates the relative stability of MNC and indicates its role as a persistent carbon reservoir within the topsoil. Biochar also elevated soil pH and nutrient availability, which reshaped microbial community structure and enhanced bacterial diversity. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that biochar facilitates MNC accumulation directly and indirectly by modifying soil chemical properties and thereby enhancing microbial diversity. These findings show that biochar enhances stable SOC storage in saline–alkaline soils primarily through the formation and stabilization of microbial necromass, thus revealing its potential for climate change mitigation.

Poplar (Populus L. species), a fast-growing temperate species, forms plantations with high productivity and biomass, with its litter sustaining key functions in nutrient cycling, microbial diversity, and carbon storage. Litter microbial communities drive decomposition, particularly in early stages, this initial phase is characterized by the leaching of water-soluble carbon and nutrients from the litter, which creates a readily available resource pulse that facilitates rapid microbial colonization and activation. This process is followed by the activation of microbial enzymes and the immobilization of nutrients, collectively initiating the breakdown of more recalcitrant litter materials. Under rising global nitrogen deposition, we conducted a field randomized block experiment in 13-year-old pure poplar (Populus deltoides L. ‘35’) stands, with three nitrogen addition treatments: N0 (0 g N·m−2·yr−1), N2 (10 g N·m−2·yr−1), and N4 (30 g N·m−2·yr−1). In the initial phase of litter decomposition, we measured the soil properties and litter traits, the litter microbial community composition, and its taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity indices. The results indicate that nitrogen addition altered microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), soil NO3−-N, and accelerated litter decomposition rates. The microbial community in leaf litter responded to nitrogen addition with increased phylogenetic clustering (higher OTU richness and NRI), which suggests that environmental filtering exerted a homogenizing selective pressure linked to both soil and litter properties, whereas the microbial community in branch litter responded to nitrogen addition with increased taxonomic diversity (higher OTU richness, Shannon, ACE, and Chao1), a pattern associated with litter properties that likely alleviated nitrogen limitation and created opportunities for more taxa to coexist. The observed differences in response stem from distinct substrate properties of the litter. This study elucidates microbial taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity responses to nitrogen addition during litter decomposition, offering a scientific foundation for precise microbial community regulation and sustainable litter management.

Patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy often experience significant postoperative pain, which is frequently inadequately managed in elderly patients due to their unique physiological characteristics. Multimodal preventive analgesia has been shown to provide satisfactory pain relief and promote early recovery. The objective is to optimize perioperative pain management in elderly patients by multimodal preventive analgesia through a combination of serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) and oxycodone. A total of 80 elderly patients with lung cancer undergoing elective uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy under general anesthesia were enrolled, classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II or III, were randomly assigned to four groups. Group M1 received ultrasound-guided SAPB with 0.375% ropivacaine combined with intravenous oxycodone. Group M2 received intravenous oxycodone. Group M3 received SAPB, while the control group (Group C) was included for comparison. The primary outcome measures included the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores at rest and during coughing immediately after postoperative tracheal extubation. Secondary outcome measures comprised VAS scores at rest and during coughing at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postoperatively; intraoperative remifentanil consumption; number of activations of the Patient-Controlled Intravenous Analgesia (PCIA) pump; frequency and dosage of rescue analgesia; intraoperative vasoactive drug consumption; and incidence of postoperative adverse events. The experimental groups had significantly lower VAS scores compared to the control group at all measured time points. In the M1 group, VAS scores at 6 h and 24 h after surgery were significantly lower than those in the other two experimental groups. The secondary outcomes are statistically significant differences among the four groups. Multimodal preventive analgesia based on SAPB and oxycodone can effectively reduce perioperative pain in elderly patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy, decrease intraoperative and postoperative opioid consumption, and facilitate recovery. Trial registration: ChiCTR2400088399.

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocyclas) has rapidly expanded in subtropical broadleaf forests of eastern China, raising concerns about biodiversity loss and community restructuring. We investigated how the expansion of this native bamboo influences species diversity and phylogenetic diversity across forest strata (trees, shrubs, herbs) by surveying 16 plots along a gradient from bamboo-free to bamboo-dominated stands. We measured soil properties, calculated multiple α-diversity indices, and constructed a community phylogeny to assess phylogenetic metrics. We also constructed a phylogenetically informed Resistance Index (RI) to evaluate species-specific responses to bamboo expansion. The results showed that overstory tree species richness and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity declined sharply with increasing bamboo cover, accompanied by significant losses of evolutionary lineages. In contrast, understory shrub and herb layers exhibited stable or higher species richness under bamboo expansion, although functional redundancy among new colonists suggests limited gains in ecosystem function. Soil conditions shifted substantially along the expansion gradient: pH increased by approximately 0.5 units, while total organic carbon and total nitrogen each decreased by about 30% (p < 0.01). Redundancy analysis and variance partitioning indicated that bamboo’s impacts on community diversity are mediated primarily through these soil changes. Species-level trends revealed that formerly dominant canopy trees (e.g., Schima superba, Pinus massoniana) were highly susceptible to bamboo, whereas certain shade-tolerant taxa (e.g., Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Rubus buergeri) showed resilience. In conclusion, the aggressive expansion of Moso bamboo drastically alters multi-layer forest diversity and community assembly processes. Our findings point to a need for targeted management (e.g., reducing bamboo density, soil restoration, and enrichment planting of native species) to mitigate biodiversity loss, underscoring the importance of considering phylogenetic diversity in expansion ecology and forest conservation.

Montane forests, characterized by complex terrain and diverse climates, serve as critical global biodiversity hotspots, particularly for birds and mammals. However, the patterns and underlying processes of bird and mammal diversity remain insufficiently studied in the montane forests of eastern China. This study employed infrared-triggered camera trapping to conduct a four-year field monitoring of birds and mammals, analyzing the effects of plant diversity and seasonal variations on the diversity of habitat-associated animals. Our results revealed that species-level habitat visit frequency in ground-dwelling birds exhibited a significant phylogenetic signal, particularly in spring and summer. Plant diversity metrics demonstrated significant positive correlations with corresponding bird metrics of species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and the standardized effect size of PD (Phylo SES PD). In contrast, for mammals, plant diversity metrics were significantly positively correlated with corresponding SR, mean pairwise phylogenetic distance (Phylo MPD), and mean nearest phylogenetic taxon distance (Phylo MNTD), as well as community structure metrics, including the net relatedness index (Phylo NRI) and nearest taxon index (Phylo NTI). Furthermore, the plant Shannon–Wiener index showed significant positive correlations with both bird and mammal metrics of SR, PD, and Phylo SES PD but significant negative correlations with Phylo MNTD. Seasonal variations triggered the mean altitudinal migration in ground-dwelling birds and mammals. There were significant differences in the diversity and community structure metrics of birds (Shannon–Wiener, Funct FNND, and PD) and mammals (Shannon–Wiener, Funct MPD, Funct FNND, PD, Phylo MPD, Phylo MNTD, and Phylo SES PD), which varied across different seasons. These findings emphasize that plant diversity and seasonal changes are closely related to the diversity and community structure of birds and mammals. They provide theoretical support for the role of habitat vegetation and seasonal dynamics in maintaining the stability and functioning of montane animal ecosystems, offering important insights for addressing habitat fragmentation and species migratory behavior.

In recent years, increasing management costs and declining market prices for Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) have led to the abandonment of many Moso bamboo forests, resulting in their gradual encroachment into neighboring broadleaf forests-a phenomenon that continues to intensify in subtropical regions of China. Moso bamboo invasion has significant impacts on ecosystem processes and functions; however, its effects on soil microbial nutrient limitations remain unclear. Here, we employed a space-for-time substitution by selecting plots representing four stages of Moso bamboo invasion and measuring plant community diversity, soil physicochemical properties, and extracellular enzyme activities related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling. Results showed that bamboo invasion reduced overstory (tree layer) diversity but increased diversity in the shrub and herb layers. Soil total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) all decreased significantly with increasing invasion intensity. In contrast, soil pH and the activities of β-1, 4-glucosidase (BG), N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase + leucine aminopeptidase (NAG+LAP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) increased along the invasion gradient. Throughout the invasion process, microbial C limitation intensified (longer vector length), whereas P limitation was partially alleviated (vector angle decreased). These shifts in microbial nutrient limitation were closely related to changes in soil nutrient content and plant diversity. Our findings indicate that Moso bamboo invasion alters soil microbial nutrient acquisition strategies by reducing carbon inputs (enhancing C limitation) and relatively relaxing P limitation. These microbial nutrient limitation changes correspond with reduced tree litter and increased shrub/herb presence. The study provides new insights into invasion ecology and offers guidance for managing Moso bamboo spread in subtropical forests.