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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive and devastating social problem that is estimated to occur in one of every four opposite-sex relationships and at least one of every five same-sex romantic relationships. These estimates may not represent violence against those who identify as transgender or genderqueer, and very little comprehensive research has been conducted on IPV within these populations. One statewide study on IPV found rates of IPV were as high as one of every two transgender individuals. In order to cope with the effects of abuse or leave an abusive partner, many lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and genderqueer (LGBTQ) IPV survivors seek support from others. However, LGBTQ IPV survivors may experience unique difficulties related to their sexual orientation and gender identity when seeking assistance. This article reviews the literature on LGBTQ IPV and suggests three major barriers to help-seeking exist for LGBTQ IPV survivors: a limited understanding of the problem of LGBTQ IPV, stigma, and systemic inequities. The significance and consequences of each barrier are discussed, and suggestions for future research, policy, and practice are provided.

Male violence is a serious problem world-wide. In the United States, for instance, 98% of mass shooters since 1966 have been men, and men committed 89.5% of all homicides between 1980 and 2008 (Berkowitz, 2012; Cooper & Smith, 2011). The significant sex-based discrepancy in violent crime suggests that something about masculinity contributes to this pattern. In order to create effective prevention and intervention efforts, it is essential to better understand the psychology of male aggression. Experimental literature in psychology demonstrates a relationship between threat to masculinity and aggression, such that men may act out violently in response to feeling that they are not meeting gender role expectations. The author's previous research suggested that shame may be a key component of this dynamic, and therefore potential target of intervention (Gebhard, Cattaneo, Tangney, Hargrove, & Shor, 2018). The present dissertation builds on those preliminary findings with two online experimental studies. Results from Study 1 indicate that men who behaved aggressively after experiencing threat to masculinity were those who felt ashamed about the threat. Results from Study 2 indicate that engaging in a brief self-affirmation intervention significantly reduced men's vulnerability to feeling ashamed, and thus reduced their level of aggression after threat to masculinity. The results of the studies provide key building blocks to allow for future work shaping violence prevention and intervention efforts.

Visual cortical surface area varies two- to threefold between human individuals, is highly heritable, and has been correlated with visual acuity and visual perception. However, it is still largely unknown what specific genetic and environmental factors contribute to normal variation in the area of visual cortex. To identify SNPs associated with the proportional surface area of visual cortex, we performed a genome-wide association study followed by replication in two independent cohorts. We identified one SNP (rs6116869) that replicated in both cohorts and had genome-wide significant association (Pcombined = 3.2 x 10–8). Furthermore, a metaanalysis of imputed SNPs in this genomic region identified a more significantly associated SNP (rs238295; P = 6.5 x 10–9) that was in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs6116869. These SNPs are located within 4 kb of the 5' UTR of GPCPD1, glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase GDE1 homolog (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which in humans, is more highly expressed in occipital cortex compared with the remainder of cortex than 99.9% of genes genome-wide. Based on these findings, we conclude that this common genetic variation contributes to the proportional area of human visual cortex. We suggest that identifying genes that contribute to normal cortical architecture provides a first step to understanding genetic mechanisms that underlie visual perception.