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The 14-item Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) is a quick and reliable self-rating instrument developed to measure cognitive aspects of craving for alcohol. The aim of this study was to translate the OCDS into Dutch (OCDS-Dutch). In addition, as a secondary exploratory exercise eight questions were added: three items referring to drinking intention, as potential substitutes for the OCDS items referring to drinking behavior, and five affective items. Three visual analogue scales were also added for comparison. The translated scale and the additional items were administered to 39 Dutch and Belgian alcohol-dependent patients. Translated and substituted scale scores were highly comparable with the OCDS. The internal consistency was good (alpha OCDS: 0.86, OCDS-Dutch: 0.85, and substituted scale: 0.89). The intercorrelations between scale and subscale scores ranged from 0.62 to 0.93 in all three versions of the scale. The relation with analogue craving measures of the OCDS-Dutch (r = 0.71) and substituted scale (r = 0.70) was higher than that of the OCDS (r = 0.40). The affective items did not improve reliability or validity of the scale in any way. The translated scale seems to be psychometrically as valid as the original scale. Substitution of the drinking behavior items by drinking intention items to predict alcohol use seems useful and further research with the proposed questions is suggested.

Response to 100 % oxygen as acute treatment for cluster headache is relative low considering certain subgroups or predictors. The primary purpose of the present study was to find prospectively which factors differ between responders and non-responders to oxygen therapy. The second goal was to find whether any of these differences would clarify the mechanism of pain reduction by oxygen and cluster headache pathophysiology. Patients diagnosed with cluster headache according to the ICHD-II criteria, who started on oxygen therapy ( n  = 193), were recruited from 51 outpatient clinics and via patient websites in The Netherlands. Patients had to return two questionnaires around the start of oxygen therapy ( n  = 120). Eventually, 94 patients were included. Clear non- plus moderate responders had ever used pizotifen more often ( p  = 0.03). Clear non-responders more often had photophobia or phonophobia during cluster headache attacks ( p  = 0.047) and more often had used triptans in the same active phase as the phase in which they had used oxygen for the first time ( p  = 0.02). Using correction for multiple testing, we could only confirm a statistically significant difference in triptan use. We were unable to locate the level of action of oxygen in the thalamus and cortex or confirm the sites of its action presently known, solely based on current knowledge of photophobia circuits. However, we conclude that particularly the higher frequency of photophobia or phonophobia in clear non-responders deserves further study to understand the mechanism of pain reduction by oxygen and cluster headache pathophysiology.

Background Diagnostic errors have been attributed to cognitive biases (reasoning shortcuts), which are thought to result from fast reasoning. Suggested solutions include slowing down the reasoning process. However, slower reasoning is not necessarily more accurate than faster reasoning. In this study, we studied the relationship between time to diagnose and diagnostic accuracy. Methods We conducted a multi-center within-subjects experiment where we prospectively induced availability bias (using Mamede et al.’s methodology) in 117 internal medicine residents. Subsequently, residents diagnosed cases that resembled those bias cases but had another correct diagnosis. We determined whether residents were correct, incorrect due to bias (i.e. they provided the diagnosis induced by availability bias) or due to other causes (i.e. they provided another incorrect diagnosis) and compared time to diagnose. Results We did not successfully induce bias: no significant effect of availability bias was found. Therefore, we compared correct diagnoses to all incorrect diagnoses. Residents reached correct diagnoses faster than incorrect diagnoses (115 s vs. 129 s, p  < .001). Exploratory analyses of cases where bias was induced showed a trend of time to diagnose for bias diagnoses to be more similar to correct diagnoses (115 s vs 115 s, p  = .971) than to other errors (115 s vs 136 s, p  = .082). Conclusions We showed that correct diagnoses were made faster than incorrect diagnoses, even within subjects. Errors due to availability bias may be different: exploratory analyses suggest a trend that biased cases were diagnosed faster than incorrect diagnoses. The hypothesis that fast reasoning leads to diagnostic errors should be revisited, but more research into the characteristics of cognitive biases is important because they may be different from other causes of diagnostic errors.

This is the first research into preparation for multicultural clinical psychology practice in Europe. It applies the theory of multicultural counselling competency (MCC) to a case study in the Netherlands. It was hypothesized that cross-cultural practice experience, identification as a cultural minority, and satisfaction with cultural training was associated with MCC. The Multicultural Awareness Knowledge and Skills Survey was completed by 106 participants (22 students, 10 academics, 74 alumni) from clinical psychology masters’ programs. MANOVA detected a main effect of cross-cultural experience on MCC for all groups and universities. The data were enriched with exploratory qualitative data from 14 interviews (5 students, 5 academics, 4 alumni). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis revealed three themes: limitations of clinical psychology, strategies for culturally competent practice, and strategies for cultural competency development. These outcomes suggest that cultural competency continues to require attention in master’s programs. The paper makes recommendations for further research enquiry related to training clinical psychologists to practice in Europe’s multicultural societies.

Hospitalization is generally accompanied by changes in food intake. Patients typically receive hospital meals upon personal preference within the framework of the food administration services of the hospital. In the present study, we assessed food provision and actual food and snack consumption in older patients admitted for elective hip or knee arthroplasty. A prospective observational study. Orthopedic nursing ward of the Maastricht University Medical Centre+. In the present study, n=101 patients (age: 67±10 y; hospital stay: 6.1±1.8 d) were monitored during hospitalization following elective hip or knee arthroplasty. Energy and protein provided by self-selected hospital meals and snacks, and actual energy and protein (amount, distribution, and source) consumed by patients was weighed and recorded throughout 1–6 days. Self-selected meals provided 6.5±1.5 MJ·d-1, with 16, 48, and 34 En% provided as protein, carbohydrate, and fat, respectively. Self-selected hospital meals provided 0.75±0.16 and 0.79±0.21 g·kg-1·d-1 protein in males and females, respectively. Actual protein consumption averaged merely 0.59±0.18 and 0.50±0.21 g·kg-1·d-1, respectively. Protein consumption at breakfast, lunch, and dinner averaged 16±8, 18±9, and 20±6 g per meal, respectively. Though self-selected hospital meals provide patients with ∼0.8 g·kg-1·d-1 protein during short-term hospitalization, actual protein consumption falls well below 0.6 g·kg-1·d-1 with a large proportion (∼32%) of the provided food being discarded. Alternative strategies are required to ensure maintenance of habitual protein intake in older patients admitted for elective orthopedic surgery.