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An outbreak of sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever in crossbred cattle in a village of Andhra Pradesh, southern India, affected thirteen adult cows and two calves from a population of forty animals. All the affected animals were died between December and January 2013–14. The clinical and gross postmortem findings were typical of MCF in Indian crossbred cattle. Migrating sheep flocks were suspected source of infection for the cattle. The diagnosis was confirmed by heminested PCR in all the affected cattle and the suspected sheep flock. The PCR provided evidence of ovine herpes virus type 2.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of using virtual reality (VR) eyeglasses on severity of pain and anxiety during pulp therapy in pediatric patients considering childhood anxiety-related disorders as an important confounding factor in the dental setting. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 children aged between 4 and 8 years with no previous anxiety disorder were randomly divided into two groups. The study consisted of three consecutive treatment sessions. The two groups received pulp therapy with and without VR eyeglasses in a randomized single-blind-controlled crossover fashion. Then, at the end of each session, the patients' pain severity was assessed using Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale and state anxiety was measured by Faces version of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale [MCDAS]. Changes in pulse oximeter and heart rate were recorded in every 10 min. The values obtained were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The study shows a significant decrease in pain perception (P < 0.001) and state anxiety scores (P < 0.001) with the use of VR eyeglasses during dental treatment. Conclusion: The results of this study provide an initial encouraging for the use of VR device during dental treatment by pediatric dentists, but additional empirical research is required.

Using the Blanc reaction, new derivatives of camphor ( 1a – g ) and camphor sulfonic acid ( 2a – g ) were synthesized. Chemical structures of the new derivatives were supported by IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and LC-MS/MS (ESI) spectrometric analyses. The new compounds ( 1a – g / 2a – g ) and the parent compounds ( a – g ) were tested for their antimicrobial efficacy against the following drug-resistant pathogens: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumonia (MDR-Kb), Escherichia coli (FDA control), Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans (CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute strain) and Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii . The linking of camphor to quinoxalin-2,3(1H, 4H)-dione ( 1a ) enhances the antibacterial efficacy approximately 8-folds (MIC: 24 µM) against MRSA. Camphor linking with isatin ( 1g ) increased efficacy against Acinetobacter baumannii by 8-fold (MIC: 26 µM) and by 4-fold (MIC: 51 µM) against MRSA, MDR-Kb, E. coli, P. auruginosa and C. albicans . Among the series, derivatives of benzoin ( 1e ) and salicylic acid ( 1f ) exhibited greater efficacy against drug-resistant C andida albicans, MDR-Kb and Acinetobacter baumannii , whereas 6, 7-biphenylquinoxalin 2-sulfonamide/sulphonyl chloride ( 1b / 1d ) selectively inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. None of these compounds were active against Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii . Furthermore, these new derivatives were tested for anthelmintic efficacy and the results indicated that new compounds had significant anthelmintic efficacy ( p  < 0.05) at 2.5 mg/mL, except for the salicylic acid hybrids ( 1f , 2f ). To conclude, camphor hybrids ( 1a – g ) demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial and anthelmintic efficacy compared to the camphor sulfonic acid hybrids ( 2a – g ). This improved antimicrobial efficacy may be due to the increased membrane permeability of the compounds across the cell wall, via the camphor moiety, which augmented the lipophilicity of the new compounds.

Sugarcane crop is irrigated using surface, overhead, and drip irrigation methods. Increased water use in sugarcane is a major concern around the world, implying the need for water accounting, developing water-efficient hybrids and water-saving agro-techniques for long-term conservation and use of water. “Water Footprint (WF)” is a measure of both direct and indirect water usage accountable for any product and/or process. In praxis, ‘Green Water Footprint’ (GWF) and ‘Blue Water Footprint’ (BWF) are extremely crucial for the restoration of essential ecosystem services (ES), such as sugarcane production. The WF metric was used as a priority tool in our study to evaluate water-efficient sugarcane hybrids, germplasm clones, deficit irrigation scheduling, crop geometry, and water conservation measures. Precise and accurate WF quantification would supplement the decision-making processes for managing available water resources in sugarcane agriculture. In split plot experimental design two research investigations on water management in sugarcane were undertaken at the ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The major objective of the research trails was to find out suitable sugarcane hybrids and agronomic management practices to minimise water usage in sugarcane cultivation in water stressed and drought prone areas of tropical India. Our investigation comprised two phases; the first one being assessment of the impact of deficit irrigation scheduling, planting techniques and water conservation measures in sugarcane production, while the second phase dealt with genotypic evaluation under variable irrigation scheduling. Results showed that BWF reduced significantly in the first ratoon crop due to deficit irrigation scheduling coupled with planting of two budded setts and application of sugarcane trash at the rate of 5 t ha −1 . Sugarcane hybrids viz., Co 85019, Co 10026, Co 12009, Co 13014, Co 14002, Co 14025, Co 15015, and Co 15018 were more water efficient, with a lower total WF. Among the germplasm clones, Fiji 55, ISH 111, ISH 107, Pathri, and Gungera exhibited lower GWF, BWF and total WF.

In this study, we propose a new hybrid deep learning architecture combining Vision Transformers (ViT) with Convolutional Attention Blocks (CAB), specifically designed for automated weed detection in precision agriculture. We introduce a novel coupled approach that combines transformer-based global contextual modelling with channel-wise attention-based local spatial feature extraction to classify images into four classes: broadleaf weeds, grass, soil, and soybean crops. Following training on a balanced dataset of 4795 samples resized to 224 × 224 pixels, the proposed model achieves an overall AUC of 0.97. While the ViT-only configuration achieves the highest classification accuracy (91%), the hybrid ViT-CAB architecture offers superior interpretability via Grad-CAM visualisations and more balanced per-class performance across morphologically similar vegetative categories, making it the preferred choice when explainability and class-balanced prediction are priorities for precision agricultural deployment. This compact model (412 K parameters, 1.57 MB) processes each image in 141 ms per step and is thus practical for real-time use in intelligent weed management systems aiming at sustainable farming mechanisms.

The mixed oxides of Ni/ZrO2, Ni-Ca/ZrO2, Ni-Ba/ZrO2, and Ni-Ba-Ca/ZrO2 were prepared using the co-precipitation method at a pH of precisely 8.3. The catalytic mixed oxides of Ni/ZrO2, Ni-Ca/ZrO2, Ni-Ba/ZrO2, and Ni-Ba-Ca/ZrO2 were characterized using x-ray diffraction XRD, Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and metal dispersion for the screening of phase purity, surface area, and morphology. The mixed oxides are subjected to CO2-TPD to quantify the basicity of every composition. The mixed oxide catalysts of Ni/ZrO2, Ni-Ca/ZrO2, Ni-Ba/ZrO2, and Ni-Ba-Ca/ZrO2 were screened for oxythermal reforming of CH4 with CO2 in a fixed bed tubular reactor at 800 °C. Among all catalysts, the Ba- and Ca- loaded Ni-Ba-Ca/ZrO2 showed high conversion by the decomposition of methane and CO2 disproportionation throughout the time on stream of 29 h. The high activity with stability led to less coke formation over Ni-Ba-Ca/ZrO2 over the surface. The stable syngas production with an active catalyst bed contributed to the improved bimetallic synergy. The high surface basicity of Ni-Ba-Ca/ZrO2 may keep actively gasifying the formed soot and allow for further stable reforming reactions.

The demand for organic foods is increasing worldwide due to health and environmental benefits. However, there are several unanswered questions, such as: Do organic farmers generate higher profits? Will the cost of cultivation reduce to compensate for low yields? Can farmers practice as per the organic agriculture protocols and obtain certification? The literature on organic agriculture varies widely in terms of profitability, yields and costs of organic products. A few studies have researched site-specific organic agriculture, but none have compared organic with conventional agriculture at larger scale in India. The Indian government has promoted organic agriculture since 2015 through its pan-India scheme—Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY). Under this program, there were 13.9 million certified organic farmers in 29,859 organic clusters, covering 0.59 million hectares (about 0.4% of the cropped area in India). This study assessed the implementation process of PKVY and the impact at the farmer level using the Difference-in-Difference approach. An economic surplus model was employed to observe the macro scale using data from an all-India representative sample from 576 clusters for the crop year 2017. The results identified that organic farmers experienced 14–19 percent less costs and 12–18 percent lower yields than conventional farmers. The net result is a marginal increase in profitability compared to traditional agriculture. The economy-wide economic surplus model indicates that there will be a reduction in producer and consumer surplus due to reduced crop yields. However, if the shift from conventional to organic is confined to rainfed, hilly and tribal areas, there will be an increase in both consumer and producer surplus.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the most common conditions resulting in disability, particularly in the elderly population. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common articular disease and the leading cause of chronic disability in the developed world. This study was carried out to evaluate knee pain in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. An analytical cross-sectional survey design was adopted in the Asir region from April 2023 to August 2023 to assess the knee pain of the adult population using an anonymous online questionnaire. Of 1234, 332 were men (26.90) and 902 were women (73.09). WOMAC index score category 55.34% (n = 683) of the subjects had a low risk (score <60), 28.68% (n = 354) had a moderate risk (score 60-80), and 15.96% (n = 197) had a high risk (score ≥81) for KOA. According to clinical criteria, 79.33% (n = 979) of the study subjects had OA. Age group, gender 2.17 (1. 67-2.82) [OR 2.17; 95% CI 1.67-2.82), family history of OA [OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.37-0.62], diabetes [OR 2.78; 95% CI 2.17-3.56], hypertension [OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.26-0.45] were significantly associated with the percentage of the WOMAC index score using the Chi-square test analysis (P<0.05). Therefore, the WOMAC index showed higher diagnostic precision with a statistically significant association [OR 9.31 CI 6.90-12.81] with a P< 0.0001. KOA is more common in older, obese people who have reached the age of 50 in the Asir region, and it is more prevalent in women. Alarms the need for appropriate awareness programs for better disease prevention and health outcomes for the benefit of the community through general public health programs.