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Lower socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and race are associated with reduced health care use in the United States. Patients who continually miss their appointments suffer significant negative results, including a disruption in continuity of care, complications with their chronic illnesses, and an increase in hospital readmissions. The health belief model was used as the theoretical support for this project that investigated the underlying causes of no-shows at an urban hospital-based outpatient clinic in the United States. It used a quantitative, descriptive design and examined a minority, underserved, and underinsured population that was receiving care at the research site and had a fairly consistent 30% no-show rate. Data was collected by anonymous survey from 151 patients and 22 health care providers and analyzed via means, t tests, and an ANOVA. Female patients were significantly more likely than male patients to approve of the current scheduling system at the site, in which patients simply call the clinic for an appointment (p = 0.040). White (non-Hispanic) patients in general had a statistically lower interest in receiving appointment reminders via text compared to the rest of the population (p = 0.024). Patients who were 29 years old and younger were significantly less likely than patients who were 30 years old and over to indicate that they did not show up to appointments due to a lack of insurance (p ≤ 0.001). This project promoted positive social change by increasing patient, staff, and stakeholder awareness of the reasons patients miss their appointments. The findings of this project can be used to improve appointment scheduling, reduce patient wait times, increase patient satisfaction, and increase cost savings to the clinic.

How did African women negotiate the complex political, economic, and social forces of colonialism in their daily lives? How did they make meaningful lives for themselves in a world that challenged fundamental notions of work, sexuality, marriage, motherhood, and family? By considering the lives of ordinary African women -- farmers, queen mothers, midwives, urban dwellers, migrants, and political leaders -- in the context of particular colonial conditions at specific places and times, Women in African Colonial Histories challenges the notion of a homogeneous \"African women's experience.\" While recognizing the inherent violence and brutality of the colonial encounter, the essays in this lively volume show that African women were not simply the hapless victims of European political rule. Innovative use of primary sources, including life histories, oral narratives, court cases, newspapers, colonial archives, and physical evidence, attests that African women's experiences defy static representation. Readers at all levels will find this an important contribution to ongoing debates in African women's history and African colonial history.

Although nationalism in Tanzania, as elsewhere in Africa, has been criticized for its shortcomings, and a ‘Dar es Salaam School’ has been charged with succumbing to its ideological biases, few historians have revisited or questioned Tanzania's dominant nationalist narrative – a narrative created over 25 years ago. Biographies written in aid of this narrative depict nationalism in the former Trust Territory of Tanganyika as primarily the work of a few good men, including ‘proto-nationalists’ whose anti-colonial actions set the stage and provided historical continuity for the later western-oriented ideological work of nationalist modernizers. The life history narratives of women who became activists in the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) in the 1950s disrupt this view of progressive stages toward an emerging nationalist consciousness which reflected and borrowed heavily from western forms and ideals. They suggest that Tanganyikan nationalism was also and significantly the work of thousands of women, whose lives and associations reflected trans-tribal ties and affiliations, and whose work for TANU served to both construct and perform what nationalism came to signify for many Tanzanian women and men. Women activists did not simply respond to TANU's nationalist rhetoric; they shaped, informed and spread a nationalist consciousness for which TANU was the vehicle. Neither ‘extraordinary’ individuals (the usual subjects of male biography) nor ‘representative’ of ‘ordinary people’ (often the subjects of life histories), TANU women activists' lives reveal the severe limitations of the dichotomous characterizations of traditional biographical forms. Together, their narratives constitute a collective biographical narrative of great significance for our understanding of nationalism and nationalist movement in the former Tanganyika.

The plan includes existing energy-efficiency programs for residential, business and municipal customers, and new initiatives such as a new residential energy audit option, a financing option for moderate-income residents, new measure offerings in both residential and commercial programs, and multi-year energy planning to encourage long-term energy savings projects among large commercial customers. Existing residential energy-efficiency programs include: energy-saving support to income-eligible residents; comprehensive energy efficiency improvements for existing homes; incentives for customers or builders who are constructing highly efficient new homes; and rebates and markdowns to encourage customers to purchase energy-saving products such as lighting, appliances and heating systems. Home Energy Reports, which compare energy performance among homes and encourages conservation and greater efficiency; Energy Rewards RFP, which encourages customers to submit comprehensive projects as part of a competitive bid process; and Customer Engagement Platform, which utilizes self-service tools to help customers learn more about energy efficiency and develop a customized energy savings plan.