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Lactate is an end product of glycolysis. As a critical energy source for mitochondrial respiration, lactate also acts as a precursor of gluconeogenesis and a signaling molecule. We briefly summarize emerging concepts regarding lactate metabolism, such as the lactate shuttle, lactate homeostasis, and lactate-microenvironment interaction. Accumulating evidence indicates that lactate-mediated reprogramming of immune cells and enhancement of cellular plasticity contribute to establishing disease-specific immunity status. However, the mechanisms by which changes in lactate states influence the establishment of diverse functional adaptive states are largely uncharacterized. Posttranslational histone modifications create a code that functions as a key sensor of metabolism and are responsible for transducing metabolic changes into stable gene expression patterns. In this review, we describe the recent advances in a novel lactate-induced histone modification, histone lysine lactylation. These observations support the idea that epigenetic reprogramming-linked lactate input is related to disease state outputs, such as cancer progression and drug resistance.

Changes in climate extremes under 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming may impact agricultural production across Central Asia. We used the simulated daily data of average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project and analyzed the current climate status and future projected changes of a set of climate extreme indices related to agricultural production under 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming. In addition, the possible impacts of climate change on agricultural production in Central Asia were discussed. The results show that the annual mean temperature in Central Asia will increase by 1.48 °C and 2.34 °C at 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming levels, respectively, compared to the base period (1986–2005), and the increasing trends are significant at the α = 0.01 level for all grids. The number of warm days and growing season length will increase. Under the 1.5 °C scenario, the mean annual total precipitation (PRCPTOT) and heavy precipitation (R95P) will experience increases of 7.68% and 26.55%, respectively, and the consecutive dry days (CDD) will be reduced by 1.1 days. However, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) shows significant drought conditions in most of Central Asia (more than 60%). Under the 2 °C scenario, there will be a 3.89% increase in PRCPTOT and a 24.78% increase in R95P. Nevertheless, accompanying the increase in CDD (0.8 day) and the decrease in SPEI, drought conditions will be further exacerbated. These results indicate that Central Asia is likely to face more severe ecological problems in the future, which will threaten the regional agricultural production and the food security. Therefore, adaptation strategies should be implemented immediately to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on Central Asia’s agriculture.

Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) maintain epithelial renewal through their proliferation and differentiation capabilities, responding to various intestinal insults. However, the impact of iturin A, a natural antimicrobial peptide, on ISC viability and its potential to mitigate heat-stable enterotoxin b (STb)-induced intestinal damage remains unclear. Our recent study demonstrated that oral administration of iturin A enhances tight junction protein expression, accelerates crypt-villus regeneration, and restores epithelial barrier integrity in STb-exposed mice. Furthermore, iturin A promotes ISC proliferation and differentiation, significantly increasing the numbers of goblet and Paneth cells in the jejunum following STb exposure. Notably, iturin A regulates intestinal homeostasis by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), while elevating total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) levels in both serum and jejunal mucosa. Mechanistically, iturin A facilitates nuclear factor-erythroid 2- related factor 2 (Nrf2) release by disrupting Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), leading to the upregulation of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). In conclusion, our findings indicate that iturin A alleviates oxidative stress induced by STb through modulation of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and promotes ISC differentiation into goblet and Paneth cells, thereby enhancing resistance to STb-induced damage.

Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) decode and coordinate various types of nutritional information from the diet to support the crypt–villus axis architecture, but how specific dietary molecules affect intestinal epithelial homeostasis remains unclear. In the current study, L-glutamate (Glu) supplementation in either a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) or a corn-soybean meal diet (CSMD) stimulated gut growth and ISC expansion in weaned piglets. Quantitative proteomics screening identified the canonical Wnt signalling pathway as a central regulator of intestinal epithelial development and ISC activity in vivo. Importantly, the Wnt transmembrane receptor Frizzled7 (FZD7) was upregulated in response to dietary Glu patterns, and its perturbations in intestinal organoids (IOs) treated with a specific inhibitor and in FZD7-KO IPEC-J2 cells disrupted the link between Glu inputs and β-catenin signalling and a subsequent reduction in cell viability. Furthermore, co-localization, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and microscale thermophoresis (MST) revealed that Glu served as a signalling molecule directly bound to FZD7. We propose that FZD7-mediated integration of the extracellular Glu signal controls ISC proliferation and differentiation, which provides new insights into the crosstalk of nutrients and ISCs.

Exploring the impacts of climate change on agriculture is one of important topics with respect to climate change. We quantitatively examined the impacts of climate change on winter wheat yield in Northern China using the Cobb–Douglas production function. Utilizing time-series data of agricultural production and meteorological observations from 1981 to 2016, the impacts of climatic factors on wheat production were assessed. It was found that the contribution of climatic factors to winter wheat yield per unit area (WYPA) was 0.762–1.921% in absolute terms. Growing season average temperature (GSAT) had a negative impact on WYPA for the period of 1981–2016. A 1% increase in GSAT could lead to a loss of 0.109% of WYPA when the other factors were constant. While growing season precipitation (GSP) had a positive impact on WYPA, as a 1% increase in GSP could result in 0.186% increase in WYPA, other factors kept constant. Then, the impacts on WYPA for the period 2021–2050 under two different emissions scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 were forecasted. For the whole study area, GSAT is projected to increase 1.37°C under RCP4.5 and 1.54°C under RCP8.5 for the period 2021–2050, which will lower the average WYPA by 1.75% and 1.97%, respectively. GSP is tended to increase by 17.31% under RCP4.5 and 22.22% under RCP8.5 and will give a rise of 3.22% and 4.13% in WYPA. The comprehensive effect of GSAT and GSP will increase WYPA by 1.47% under RCP4.5 and 2.16% under RCP8.5.

•The weak links of human-environment interaction in ladder classrooms were worked.•The relationship among humans and the environment was studied by the evaluation.•Advice of indoor environment improvement was provided by the evaluation result. Evaluation of the suitability of university ladder classroom environment on humans is an effective approach to improve the quality of the indoor environment and protect human health. However, there are unresolved issues regarding the suitability of university ladder classroom environment for humans. For example, the design of enclosure structure and heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system is unreasonable, and the indoor air quality does not meet the required standard. In this study, the suitability of university ladder classroom environment on humans was considered the research object. The evaluation indices of indoor environment were selected from indoor air quality, indoor thermal and humid environments, light environment, and sound environment. And the health and comfort of users were taken as the evaluation indices of users. According to the results of expert investigations and case measurements, the index weight was determined by the expert-entropy weight method, and a complete evaluation system of indices was built. There were two first-level, six second-level, and fourteen third-level indices in the evaluation system. The evaluation indices of each level with the largest weight were indoor environment (0.5940), user health (0.2530), and indoor temperature (0.1175) respectively. By comparing the actual learning effect to the evaluation results, the applicability of the evaluation system was determined. The evaluation system of the suitability of university ladder classroom environment on humans is convenient for operators to identify the weak points between humans and the environment. The evaluation system is endowed with important theoretical and practical significance to realize the green development of colleges and universities and build an environment-friendly campus. [Display omitted]

Lateral movement of soil organic carbon (SOC) induced by soil erosion and runoff changes spatial distributions of SOC, and further changes the land‐atmosphere CO2 exchange and terrestrial carbon budget. However, current ecosystem models do not or only poorly integrate the process of SOC lateral movement and cannot simulate the impacts of soil erosion on the carbon cycle. This study integrated SOC erosion and deposition processes into a process‐based ecosystem model (i.e., Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS)), and separately simulated the lateral movements of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC). The model was evaluated in three river basins in Northeast China that are dominated by cropland, forest, and grassland. The results showed that the model reproduced well the production, erosion, and deposition of DOC and POC. The annual SOC lateral movement (1.34–7.22 g C m−2 yr−1) induced by erosion in the three tested basins was 0.27%–1.45% of the annual net primary production. The model developed in this study has great implications for simulating the lateral movements of SOC in terrestrial ecosystems, which can improve model performance in projecting the terrestrial carbon budget. Plain Language Summary Lateral movement of soil organic carbon (SOC) with soil erosion and runoff is an important process in estimating land carbon budget. However, the current ecosystem models are not or poorly integrated this process, and cannot simulate the impacts of lateral movement of SOC on carbon cycle. This study integrates SOC erosion and deposition processes into a process‐based ecosystem model (Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS)), and separately simulates the lateral movements of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC). The model was evaluated at three river basins in Northeast China dominated by cropland, forest and grassland, respectively. The results showed the model can reproduce well the production, erosion, deposition of DOC and POC. The model developed in this study has great implications for simulating the lateral movements of SOC in terrestrial ecosystem, which can improve model performance on projecting terrestrial carbon budget. Key Points Current ecosystem models inadequately depict the lateral movement of SOC, causing uncertainties in terrestrial carbon cycle modeling We integrated SOC erosion and deposition into a process‐based ecosystem model and evaluated it in three Chinese river basins Model simulations well represented observed data for the production, erosion, and deposition of organic carbon

Non-negative matrix factorization （NMF） has been widely used in mixture analysis for hyperspectral remote sensing. When used for spectral unmixing analysis, however, it has two main shortcomings： （1） since the dimensionality of hyperspectral data is usually very large, NMF tends to suffer from large computational complexity for the popular multiplicative iteration rule; （2） NMF is sensitive to noise （outliers）, and thus the corrupted data will make the results of NMF meaningless. Although principal component analysis （PCA） can be used to mitigate these two problems, the transformed data will contain negative numbers, hindering the direct use of the multiplicative iteration rule of NMF. In this paper, we analyze the impact of PCA on NMF, and find that multiplicative NMF can also be applicable to data after principal component transformation. Based on this conclusion, we present a method to perform NMF in the principal component space, named ＇principal component NMF＇ （PCNMF）. Experimental results show that PCNMF is both accurate and time-saving.

Background Although huge fetal hepatic hemangiomas are rare, they can cause fatal complications. The purpose of this study is to describe the imaging features and prognosis of these tumors. Methods Imaging data were collected for 6 patients with huge fetal hepatic hemangiomas treated at our hospital. Imaging modalities included prenatal magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound and postnatal color Doppler ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). Results Among the 93,562 fetuses of 92,126 pregnant women examined at our hospital, 6 had huge hepatic hemangiomas (incidence rate, 0.64/10,000), as confirmed via postnatal color Doppler imaging and contrast-enhanced CT. Five fetuses had solitary lesions, whereas 1 (fetus 2) had multiple lesions. Four fetuses had lesions in the right liver lobe and 1 had a lesion in the left liver lobe, and 1 (fetus 2) had lesions in both lobes. All lesions showed centripetal enhancement on postnatal contrast-enhanced CT, which was more intense peripherally. Following postnatal treatment with oral propranolol, with or without dexamethasone or interventional therapy with the medical sclerosant pingyangmycin, all lesions decreased in size, with calcification plaques appearing 6 months after treatment. Conclusions Huge hepatic hemangiomas have typical ultrasonographic features and can be diagnosed prenatally. Treatment with propranolol, with or without dexamethasone, may result in a favorable prognosis.

A series of K 2 Ca 1- x P 2 O 7 : x Eu 3+ phosphors were prepared by a high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fluorescence spectra, decay curves, and color coordinates were investigated. Under excitation at 393 nm, the strongest emission peak was located at 590 nm, corresponding to the 5 D 0 → 7 F 1 transition of Eu 3+ , and the sub-strongest one was located at 612 nm which belongs to the 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 transition of Eu 3+ . XRD results show that the patterns doped with a small amount of Eu 3+ were fitted well with the standard card of K 2 CaP 2 O 7 , while the pattern with the doping of high concentration Eu 3+ (heavy-doping) indicated the co-existence of K 2 CaP 2 O 7 and EuPO 4 phase which leads to luminescent intensity of phosphors enhance remarkablely. The concentration quenching mechanism was explained through dipole-dipole interaction. Different doping amounts of Eu 3+ and charge compensators will affect the symmetry of the host lattice, thereby affecting the emission intensity ratio of orange and red light. The color coordinates of K 2 Ca 0.49 P 2 O 7 :0.51Eu 3+ and K 2 Ca 0.33 P 2 O 7 :0.67Eu 3+ , 0.1Na + phosphor were near the red region, which was close to commercial red-emitting phosphors Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ and standard red light, respectively. Graphical abstract A series of K 2 CaP 2 O 7 phosphors emitting orange-red light with different concentrations of Eu 3+ doping and alkali metal ions co-doping were synthesized via a high-temperature solid-state method, and their structure and luminescent properties were characterized. A new strategy for adjusting the light color parameters of K 2 CaP 2 O 7 phosphors has been constructed.