Explore the vast range of titles available.

In the present study, a high-viscous biofuel, namely wheat germ oil (WGO), and a low-viscous biofuel, namely pine oil (PO), are used in a twin-cylinder diesel engine. The fuel ionization filter is fitted with a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, and the combination of permanent magnet and electromagnet, and their effect on the engine performance, emission, and combustion is studied. A fuel ionization filter placed in the fuel line, before the injection pump, ionizes the fuel molecules and increases the rate of disintegration of droplets due to a decrease in viscosity and surface tension. The tests are performed at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm with loads varying from no load to full load at intervals of 25%. As compared to diesel, the engine operation with ionization filter increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced the fuel consumption for both PO and WGO. The increase in brake thermal efficiency is in the order: permanent magnet, electromagnet, and combination of electromagnet and permanent magnet. The magnetic field strength of electromagnet is higher than permanent magnet which tends to increase the ionization of the fuel. When both the magnets are combined, the magnetic field strength further increases resulting in more ionization of the fuel. It is also perceived that magnetic effect reduces the viscosity of the fuel. Regulated emissions, namely unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke emissions, reduced, whereas NOx emissions increased with WGO and ionization filter. With pine oil and ionization filter, all the regulated emissions decreased as compared to neat pine oil. The reduction in HC, CO, and smoke emissions was highest for combination of electromagnet and permanent magnet followed by electromagnet and permanent magnet. The study shows that combination of permanent magnet and electromagnet resulted in the best engine performance and emission characteristics.

The present work focuses on the simultaneous reduction of NO–smoke–CO 2 emission in a Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME)-fueled single-cylinder compression ignition engine by using low-carbon biofuel with exhaust after-treatment system. Replacement of KOME for diesel reduced smoke emission by 3% but resulted in increase of NO emission and CO 2 emission by 13 and 35% at 100% load condition. In order to reduce CO 2 emission, tests were conducted with a blend of KOME and orange seed oil (OSO), a low-carbon fuel on equal volume basis (50–50). At the same operating conditions, compared to KOME, 27% reduction in CO 2 emission and 5% reduction in smoke emission were observed. However, a slight increase in NO emission was observed. To achieve simultaneous reduction of NO–smoke–CO 2 emissions, three catalysts, namely monoethanolamine, zeolite and activated carbon, were selected for exhaust after-treatment system and tested with optimum KOME–OSO blend. KOME–OSO + zeolite showed a great potential in simultaneous reduction of NO–smoke–CO 2 emissions. NO, smoke and CO 2 emissions were simultaneously reduced by about 15% for each emission compared to diesel at 100% load condition. The effect of exhaust after-treatment system with KOME–OSO blend on combustion, performance and other emission parameters is discussed in detail in this study. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analysis and testing were done to identify the absorbance characteristics of zeolite material.

To derive liquid fuel from waste engine oil and plastics thorough pyrolysis process To make equal blend of waste engine oil and plastics with diesel fuel To find the suitability of fuel from waste in diesel engine through performance, emission and combustion characteristics Utilizing oil extracted from waste engine oil and waste plastics, by pyrolysis, as a fuel for internal combustion engines has been demonstrated to be one of the best available waste management methods. Separate blends of fuel from waste engine oil and waste plastic oil was prepared by mixing with diesel and experimental investigation is conducted to study engine performance, combustion and exhaust emissions. It is observed that carbon monoxide (CO) emission increases by 50% for 50% waste plastic oil (50WPO:50D) and by 58% for 50% waste engine oil (50WEO:50D) at full load as compared to diesel. Unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) emission increases by 16% for 50WPO:50D and by 32% for 50WEO:50D as compared to diesel at maximum load. Smoke is found to decrease at all loading conditions for 50WPO:50D operation, but it is comparatively higher for 50WEO:50D operation. 50WPO:50D operation shows higher brake thermal efficiency for all loads as compared to 50WEO:50D and diesel fuel operation. Exhaust gas temperature is higher at all loads for 50WPO:50D and 50WEO:50D as compared to diesel fuel operation.

The present study focuses on the reduction of CO 2 and NO emission from a single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine fuelled with diesel using a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) system. SNCR of NO and CO 2 emission is investigated due to its ease in retrofitting to existing vehicles. Four chemical absorbents, namely, succinic acid, anhydrous ammonia, monoethanolamine (MEA), and diethylamine (DEA), were injected downstream of exhaust gas. The absorbents were injected using a mechanical injector and pump unit, which operates at 1500 rpm. The flow rate was optimized and fixed at 1 kg/h for all the absorbents. A separate mixing chamber was developed for increasing the resident time for the reaction between absorbents and exhaust gases, which was placed after the injection unit. The results exhibit that diesel + MEA emitted minimum CO 2 and NO emission compared to other absorbents in the SNCR system. The MEA-based SNCR system reduced CO 2 and NO emission by 15 and 10%, respectively, in comparison with diesel at 100% load condition. However, while using the SNCR system, slight fuel penalty was observed because of backpressure.

Vegetable oils are desirable as alternate fuels with ignition quality equivalent to diesel and its combustion characteristics, but unsuitable for direct operation in compression ignition (CI) engines as fuel because of their high viscosity in nature. Hence, fuel and engine based modifications are being tried to improve the performance of the CI engines. The high viscous oil does not evaporate quickly even after it is injected into the hot combustion chamber. Therefore, converting the high viscous vegetable oil into biodiesel improves the evaporation and hence combustion. There are two major problems related to the use of biodiesel as fuel are its oxidation stability and cold flow performance. In this investigation, castor oil, having a very high viscosity of 226.2 cSt at ambient temperature, is used as a fuel. The test results show a significant increase in the brake thermal efficiency from 23.5% (neat castor oil) to 29.7% with castor oil biodiesel (COME) operation. CO and HC emissions of the engine are less with castor oil biodiesel. The smoke emission reduces marginally with castor oil biodiesel to 69% at full load, but it is still higher than diesel fuel 57%.

In this experimental study, pine oil is identified as low viscous low cetane (LVLC) fuel for compression ignition engine replacing diesel. Numerous advantages of LVLC fuels include improved combustion due to favorable physical properties than diesel. This leads to reduced hydrocarbon, smoke and carbon monoxide emissions with improved thermal efficiency. However, utilization of pine oil as a drop in fuel is challenging, due to its low cetane index. This leads to higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission due to prominent heat release rate. A novel fuel reforming system based on the principle of electrochemical liquid vortex ionization was used with permanent magnet/electromagnet to reduce NOx emission with pine oil as base fuel. Electrochemical liquid vortex ionization system converts the fuel molecules to ions; this leads to enhanced atomization and faster air–fuel mixing process leading to lower ignition delay. A two-cylinder commercial CI engine was used for this experimental study. Performance, emission and combustion characteristics were studied for pine oil with and without ionization system at 3, 6, 9 and 12 kW power output and compared with diesel. According to engine test results, compared to diesel, brake thermal efficiency for pine oil is higher and further improved with ionization system. Emissions like smoke, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are reduced for pine oil in comparison with diesel and further reduce with the ionization system. Longer ignition delay with pine oil operation leads to higher NOx emission compared to diesel. Nevertheless, the use of magnetic-based fuel reforming system reduces the ignition delay leading to lower NOx emission.Graphical abstract

The present study investigates the effects of various low carbon biofuels on CO2 emission and other performance and emission characteristics blended with Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) in a single cylinder CI engine with a rated output of 5.2 KW at 1500 rpm. Carbon-di-oxide (CO2) emission is a major threat to the environment as it causes global warming. The constant depletion of fossil fuels over the years has changed the focus of researchers towards biofuels. The number of carbon atoms in the molecular structure and carbon to hydrogen ratio of biofuel is one of the major causes for the increase in CO2 emission. Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil is available in plenty in India, and hence it may replace conventional diesel fuel largely. However, KOME operated CI engine emits higher CO2 emission due to higher carbon content compared to diesel. Blending of low carbon biofuel with KOME reduces CO2 emission. Low carbon biofuels like Eucalyptus oil (EU), Pine oil (PO), Camphor oil (CMO) and Orange oil (ORG) were selected for this study and blended equally with KOME on volume basis. Performance, emission and combustion parameters for all the blends were tested at part and full load conditions and compared with neat diesel and neat KOME. CO2 emission was lesser for all the low carbon biofuel blends with KOME. Maximum reduction of 13% was observed with KOME-ORG blend compared to neat KOME and 6% reduction of CO2 emission for KOME-ORG blend compared to neat diesel at full load condition. A slight increase in brake thermal efficiency is observed for KOME-ORG compared to neat diesel and neat KOME with a slight increase in NO and CO emission at full load condition. With an increase in brake thermal efficiency and reduction in CO2 emission, equal blending of KOME-ORG is the best among the various blends tested, in terms of performance, emission and combustion parameters compared to neat diesel and neat KOME.

The present study investigates the effects of various low carbon biofuels on CO2 emission and other performance and emission characteristics blended with Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) in a single cylinder CI engine with a rated output of 5.2 KW at 1500 rpm. Carbon-di-oxide (CO2) emission is a major threat to the environment as it causes global warming. The constant depletion of fossil fuels over the years has changed the focus of researchers towards biofuels. The number of carbon atoms in the molecular structure and carbon to hydrogen ratio of biofuel is one of the major causes for the increase in CO2 emission. Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil is available in plenty in India, and hence it may replace conventional diesel fuel largely. However, KOME operated CI engine emits higher CO2 emission due to higher carbon content compared to diesel. Blending of low carbon biofuel with KOME reduces CO2 emission. Low carbon biofuels like Eucalyptus oil (EU), Pine oil (PO), Camphor oil (CMO) and Orange oil (ORG) were selected for this study and blended equally with KOME on volume basis. Performance, emission and combustion parameters for all the blends were tested at part and full load conditions and compared with neat diesel and neat KOME. CO2 emission was lesser for all the low carbon biofuel blends with KOME. Maximum reduction of 13% was observed with KOME-ORG blend compared to neat KOME and 6% reduction of CO2 emission for KOME-ORG blend compared to neat diesel at full load condition. A slight increase in brake thermal efficiency is observed for KOME-ORG compared to neat diesel and neat KOME with a slight increase in NO and CO emission at full load condition. With an increase in brake thermal efficiency and reduction in CO2 emission, equal blending of KOME-ORG is the best among the various blends tested, in terms of performance, emission and combustion parameters compared to neat diesel and neat KOME.

Effect of adding oxygenates on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics on a direct injection diesel engine fuelled with Cotton Seed Oil (CSO) was investigated. Diethyl ether (DEE) was used as oxygenate. A single cylinder water-cooled direct injection diesel engine developing a power output of 5.2kW at 1500 rev/min was used. Quantity of oxygenate was varied from 10% to 30% to find the optimum blend performance. Brake thermal efficiency improves from 28% with neat CSO to a maximum of 29.5% with 30% of DEE. Smoke value is 3.9 BSU with neat CSO, 3.6 BSU with 30% of DEE and 3.4 BSU with diesel. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are also less with DEE. Peak pressure and maximum rate of pressure are found to be higher with DEE and CSO than neat CSO. On the whole, it is concluded that adding small quantities of oxygenates (DEE) can significantly improve the performance of a cottonseed oil fuelled diesel engine.