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Bulgaria’s monuments from the late nineteenth century to the end of socialism have become lightning rods of public opinion and physical manifestations of collective memory that drive national emotions. Unevenly preserving memories of liberation and oppression, these sites of memory unequally intensify nostalgia, taga, and yad across the population, and in doing so leave the country trapped in both space and time. Monuments to the Russian fight against Ottoman oppression are preserved through state funding and venerated with floral tributes from grateful citizens. Socialist monuments live a different reality; left to rot and be recontextualized by artists and vandals. The monumental landscape therefore reflects the contrasting narratives of a nineteenth century myth of utopian freedom that never existed as well as dissatisfaction in the failed promises of a proletarian paradise. The latter, as overt symbols of totalitarian domination have led to artists recasting the sculptures as resistance pieces not only to the communist past but the present resurgence of an aggressive Russia. With Putin’s Russia adopting many of the maleficent policies of the USSR, graffiti has drawn parallels between the past and present to make statements against contemporary oppression. However, socialist monuments are also critiques of the present Western democratic system and visible symbol of national psychomachia. Alongside the messages that celebrate the fall of communism are critiques of the capitalism system that has, like those which promised utopia before, failed to produce the dreamland that it prophesized. Generating yad, taga, and nostalgia the monuments perpetuate dreams of returning to a golden age of freedom yet has not washed away the blood of communist crimes and with the continued failures of capitalism Bulgaria is trapped, East of the West and post-historical but not yet part of the future.

The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum (Fgr) creates economic and health risks in cereals agriculture. Fgr causes head blight (or scab) of wheat and stalk rot of corn, reducing yield, degrading grain quality, and polluting downstream food products with mycotoxins. Fungal plant pathogens must secrete proteases to access nutrition and to breakdown the structural protein component of the plant cell wall. Research into the proteolytic activity of Fgr is hindered by the complex nature of the suite of proteases secreted. We used a systems biology approach comprising genome analysis, transcriptomics and label-free quantitative proteomics to characterize the peptidases deployed by Fgr during growth. A combined analysis of published microarray transcriptome datasets revealed seven transcriptional groupings of peptidases based on in vitro growth, in planta growth, and sporulation behaviors. A high resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis defined the extracellular proteases secreted by F. graminearum. A meta-classification based on sequence characters and transcriptional/translational activity in planta and in vitro provides a platform to develop control strategies that target Fgr peptidases.

Insensitivity to gender plagues the considerable research on religious fundamentalism and sexism. Most of this research neither examines whether the fundamentalism/sexism association differs between genders, nor explores whether individual-level measures of fundamentalism more likely applicable to women (personal beliefs about the Bible as literally true) have different relationships to sexism than the more typically used group- level measure (denominational affiliation). Analysis of covariance of data from the 1985 and 1988 General Social Surveys reveals that both individual and group fundamentalism are connected with sexism in the entire sample, but mainly because of opposing tendencies by gender. For women, sexism is related to fundamentalist personal beliefs rather than to fundamentalist affiliations. For men, the opposite occurs: sexism is related to fundamentalist affiliations rather than to personal beliefs in the literalness of the Bible. These findings suggest the need for a healthy dose of gender sensitivity in research on this topic, as well as throughout the sociology of religion.

Development and demonstration of reliable measurement techniques that can detect and help quantify the nature and extent of elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in the subsurface are needed to reduce uncertainties in the decision-making process and increase the effectiveness of remedial actions. We conducted field tests at the Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, to determine if sampling and analysis of Hg(0) vapors in the shallow subsurface (< 0.3 m depth) can be used to as an indicator of the location and extent of Hg(0) releases in the subsurface. We constructed a rigid polyvinyl chloride push probe assembly, which was driven into the ground. Soil gas samples were collected through a sealed inner tube of the assembly and were analyzed immediately in the field with a Lumex and/or Jerome Hg(0) analyzer. Time-series sampling showed that Hg vapor concentrations were fairly stable over time, suggesting that the vapor phase Hg(0) was not being depleted and that sampling results were not sensitive to the soil gas purge volume. Hg(0) vapor data collected at over 200 push probe locations at 3 different release sites correlated very well to areas of known Hg(0) contamination. Vertical profiling of Hg(0) vapor concentrations conducted at two locations provided information on the vertical distribution of Hg(0) contamination in the subsurface. We conclude from our studies that soil gas sampling and analysis can be conducted rapidly and inexpensively at large scales to help identify areas contaminated with Hg(0).

A new definition of early marriage is proposed and tested against age at first marriage for ability to predict educational attainment. Using multivariate statistics and a national probability sample, the index of early marriage was found to be the superior measure. A path analysis shows that generally reduced educational attainment is a consequence of early marriage in the total sample. However, women are more susceptible to reduced education by virtue of their greater propensity to marry early.

Sandra L. Hanson & Steven A. Tuch (see SA 33:3/85O8851) correctly point out several sources of error in research on determinants of divorce, but themselves made certain errors. These include failure to recognize that National Opinion Research Center General Social Survey data do not include employment data on former spouses. Further, they count persons divorced more than five years before the interview as \"never divorced.\" In The Determinants of Marital Instability: Another Methodological Issue, Sandra L. Hanson & Steven A. Tuch (DRC, 1828 L St NW, Washington, DC 20036) find McGowan's & Lowe's first point well taken; a reanalysis with the spouse's employment variable excluded, however, does not appreciably change the size & significance of other coefficients. The choice to count only divorces occurring in the past five years was a simplification convenient for analyzing time-order issues with cross-sectional data. 2 Tables, 1 Reference. W. H. Stoddard

The amount of support given environmental protection relative to that given ten other problem areas did not decline between 1973 (immediately prior to the \"energy crisis\") and 1978. Analysis of the sources of public support for environmental protection revealed that only age had a substantial independent effect (β = -.168) on environmental priority scores.

Data from 1,554 Rs to the 1973 Gallup poll of US adults are used to examine the effect of 10 variables -- age, race, education, income, city size, sex, region, occupation, political party, & religion -- on attitudes toward local police. The entire set of variables accounts for only a small part of variance. However, some differences exist between blacks & whites, not only in attitude but in the process through which attitude is determined; sex & SES variables are more important determinants, & age is a less important determinant of black than white attitudes. 3 Tables, 30 References. W. H. Stoddard.