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The rapid development of electronic material and sensing technology has enabled research to be conducted on liquid metal-based soft sensors. The application of soft sensors is widespread and has many applications in soft robotics, smart prosthetics, and human-machine interfaces, where these sensors can be integrated for precise and sensitive monitoring. Soft sensors can be easily integrated for soft robotic applications, where traditional sensors are incompatible with robotic applications as these types of sensors show large deformation and very flexible. These liquid-metal-based sensors have been widely used for biomedical, agricultural and underwater applications. In this research, we have designed and fabricated a novel soft sensor that yields microfluidic channel arrays embedded with liquid metal Galinstan alloy. First of all, the article presents different fabrication steps such as 3D modeling, printing, and liquid metal injection. Different sensing performances such as stretchability, linearity, and durability results are measured and characterized. The fabricated soft sensor demonstrated excellent stability and reliability and exhibited promising sensitivity with respect to different pressures and conditions.

The solar salterns in Tuticorin, India, are man-made, saline to hypersaline systems hosting some uniquely adapted populations of microorganisms and eukaryotic algae that have not been fully characterized. Two visually different microbial mats (termed ‘white’ and ‘green’) developing on the reservoir ponds (53 PSU) were isolated from the salterns. Firstly, archaeal and bacterial diversity in different vertical layers of the mats were analyzed. Culture-independent 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that both bacteria and archaea were rich in their diversity. The top layers had a higher representation of halophilic archaea Halobacteriaceae , phylum Chloroflexi , and classes Anaerolineae , Delta - and Gamma - Proteobacteria than the deeper sections, indicating that a salinity gradient exists within the mats. Limited presence of Cyanobacteria and detection of algae-associated bacteria, such as Phycisphaerae , Phaeodactylibacter and Oceanicaulis likely implied that eukaryotic algae and other phototrophs could be the primary producers within the mat ecosystem. Secondly, predictive metabolic pathway analysis using the 16S rRNA gene data revealed that in addition to the regulatory microbial functions, methane and nitrogen metabolisms were prevalent. Finally, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions determined from both mat samples showed that the δ 13 C org and δ 15 N org values increased slightly with depth, ranging from − 16.42 to − 14.73‰, and 11.17 to 13.55‰, respectively. The isotopic signature along the microbial mat profile followed a pattern that is distinctive to the community composition and net metabolic activities, and comparable to saline mats in other salterns. The results and discussions presented here by merging culture-independent studies, predictive metabolic analyses and isotopic characterization, provide a collective strategy to understand the compositional and functional characteristics of microbial mats in saline environments.

Heritage sites serve as vital cultural assets, embodying historical significance, architectural beauty, and sociocultural traditions. Most researches of sustainable heritage tourism have primarily emphasized the perspectives of governments and local communities. This study aims to empirically explore the influence of heritage values on sustainable heritage conservation intention (SHCI) among the tourists visiting historical sites in Murshidabad, India. Using a mixedmethods approach combining online and offline surveys, data was collected from 468 domestic tourists. The research investigates how historical value, aesthetic value, and socio-cultural value influence their intentions to support sustainable conservation efforts. Additionally, it examines the mediating role of destination attachment in shaping these intentions. The research employed structural equation modelling to test the proposed hypotheses. A comprehensive mediation approach was also utilized to assess the intermediary effect of destination attachment between heritage values and SHCI. The findings demonstrate that various dimensions of historical heritage values significantly influence tourists' willingness to visit heri tage sites and engage in SHCI. Destination attachment was identified as a crucial mediator, highlighting its role in strengthening the relationship between heritage values and sustainable heritage conservation intentions. This study offers valuable insights for designing strategies that align tourists' perceptions with sustainable heritage conservation goals. This research has made a profound impact in enhancing the understanding of heritage tourism and conservation. It dives deep into various critical aspects such as the historical value, socio-cultural value, aesthetic value, destination attachment, and SHCI. By delving into these areas, the study enriches the existing theoretical frameworks and provides a comprehensive perspective on how these elements intertwine in the realm of heritage tourism. This research is a significant stride forward in understanding sustainable practices within the tourism sector. Its implications are far-reaching, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in the realm of sustainable heritage conservation. Beyond its immediate application to Murshidabad, the study offers broader insights applicable to other historically significant destinations.

Anadromous fishes like hilsa shad are found near the delta region of Ganges River which are exotic and carry economic potential. The river offers a tidal environment connecting with marine and freshwater ecosystem providing nutrient-rich seasonal water for their growth and development. The complex migratory pattern of these fishes is a major concern in fisheries research. The present study is based on a large collection of isotopic data from otolith specimens of varying sizes covering population of varying age. Here we examined their stable isotopic signature and relate it with their age and locations in the stream length. Otolith δ18O showed significant relationships with fish sizes (length and weight) and distance from the river mouth and can provide a new tool to distinguish their habitats. Small size individuals show affinity for freshwater, while bigger individuals originates from Bay area. The ANOVA and discriminant function analysis (DFA) is used to check whether the fish inhabiting upstream and downstream can be categorized by their δ18O values and to define the composition of the end member. Further, a numerical model of two component mixing is introduced to prescribe the integrated time interval, equated with their size to define specific habitat. The significant variations in otolith δ18O values are found between upstream and downstream of the Hooghly River, and the DFA showed the overall 81% of individuals were assigned to the upstream or downstream of the Diamond Harbour, while the remaining individuals of 1–2 years age represent mobile population, probably participating in the successful spawning and feeding activities. This method allowed understanding the migration tendency of adult individual (fraction of time spend in the freshwater) and clearly identified the habitat based on isotopic ratios in otolith specimens. This study will serve as template for understanding the aquaculture potential and scientific management policies for hilsa shad in the West Bengal region.

The Cochin Backwater region in Southern India is one of the most dynamic estuaries, strongly influenced by seasonal river runoff and seawater intrusion. This study explores the relationship between monsoonal rains, salinity, and stable isotopic composition (δ18O and δ13C) to estimate the contribution of freshwater fluxes at different seasonal intervals for the Cochin Backwater (CBW) estuary. Seasonal variations in oxygen isotopes and salinity revealed distinct trends indicative of freshwater–seawater mixing dynamics. The comparison of Local and Global Meteoric Water Lines highlighted the occurrence of enriched isotope values during the Premonsoon season, showing significant evaporation effects. Carbon (C) isotopic analysis in dissolved inorganic matter (δ13CDIC) at 17 stations during the Premonsoon season revealed spatially distinct carbon dynamics zones, influenced by various sources. These characteristic zones were categorized as Zone 1, dominated by seawater, exhibiting heavier δ13CDIC values; Zone 2, showing significant contributions of lighter terrestrial δ13C; and Zone 3, reflecting inputs from regional and local paddy fields with a distinct C3 isotopic signature (−25‰), modified by estuarine productivity. In addition, different advanced machine learning techniques were tested to improve analysis and prediction of seasonal variations in isotopic composition and salinity. Although the data were sufficiently robust for demonstrating the feasibility and advantages of ML in isotopic hydrology, further expansion of the dataset would be essential for improving the accuracy of models, especially for δ13C. The combination of these advanced machine learning models not only improved the predictive accuracy of seasonal freshwater fluxes but also provided a robust framework for understanding the estuarine ecosystem and could pave the way for better management and conservation strategies of the CBW estuarine system.

Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen isotopic composition of water vapor, rainwater and surface seawater show a distinct trend across the latitude over the Southern Indian Ocean. Our observations on isotopic composition of surface seawater, water vapor and rainwater across a transect covering the tropical Indian Ocean to the regions of the Southern Ocean showed a strong latitudinal dependency; characterized by the zonal process of evaporation and precipitation. The sampling points were spread across diverse zones of SST, wind speed and rainfall regimes. The observed physical parameters such as sea surface temperature, wind speed and relative humidity over the oceanic regions were used in a box model calculation across the latitudes to predict the isotopic composition of water vapor under equilibrium and kinetic conditions, and compared with results from isotope enabled global spectral model. Further, we obtained the average fraction of recycled moisture across the oceanic transect latitudes as 13.4 ± 7.7%. The values of recycled fraction were maximum at the vicinity of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), while the minimum values were recorded over the region of subsidence and evaporation, at the Northern and Southern latitudes of the ITCZ. These estimates are consistent with the earlier reported recyling values.

Abstract Introduction: Medical profession has been associated with high level of burnout leading to severe psychological problems among the medical students. With the emerging demand of health care facilities during a pandemic, medical students do face high exhaustion which may result in dissatisfaction in life. Aims and Objectives: To assess the level of burnout, the level of satisfaction and the level of distress in post graduate medical students in relation to covid 19 work load. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in s tertiary health care centre. A total of 100 post graduate medical students who actively participated in covid 19 duty were recruited for the study. A standardized and structured questionnaire for Oldenburg Inventory scale (OLBI-S), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) were used to briefly assess the burnout level, life satisfaction and psychological distress respectively among the participants. A Self semi-structured proforma for socio-demographic details was given to study subjects to fill up. Statistical Analysis: Both qualitative and quantitative measures of data were calculated. Statistical significance was kept at p-value of <0.05 using Fisher's t-test and Chi-square test wherever applicable. Analysis of data was done by using SPSS version 21. Results: Majority (85%) of the participants reported low burnout of which 62.3% (n=53) were male and 37.6% (n=32) were female. The level of exhaustion when compared with gender was found to be statistically significant (p-value=0.037). Most of the participants (n=55) reported to be slightly satisfied with their life of which 67% (n=37) were male and 32.7% (n=18) were female. Most of the participants(n=63) reported to be psychologically well while 34 of them reported mild distress of which 29 were male and 5 of them were female. The level of psychological distress when compared with gender was found to be statistically significant (p-value=0.002). No positive correlation was found between burnout level and level of satisfaction, neither between burnout level and level of psychological distress. Conclusion: Our study found an overall low burnout, low psychological distress and low level of dissatisfaction with life in the postgraduate medical students working in covid 19 pandemic.

The stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of water vapor over a water body is governed by the isotopic composition of surface water and ambient vapor, exchange and mixing processes at the water–air interface, and the local meteorological conditions. These parameters form inputs to the Craig–Gordon models, used for predicting the isotopic composition of vapor produced from the surface water due to the evaporation process. In this study we present water vapor, surface water isotope ratios and meteorological parameters across latitudinal transects in the Southern Ocean (27.38–69.34 and 21.98–66.8∘ S) during two austral summers. The performance of Traditional Craig–Gordon (TCG) (Craig and Gordon, 1965) and the Unified Craig–Gordon (UCG) (Gonfiantini et al., 2018) models is evaluated to predict the isotopic composition of evaporated water vapor flux in the diverse oceanic settings. The models are run for the molecular diffusivity ratios suggested by Merlivat (1978), Cappa et al. (2003) and Pfahl and Wernli (2009), referred to as MJ, CD and PW, respectively, and different turbulent indices (x), i.e., fractional contribution of molecular vs. turbulent diffusion. It is found that the UCGx=0.8MJ, UCGx=0.6CD, TCGx=0.6MJ and TCGx=0.7CD models predicted the isotopic composition that best matches with the observations. The relative contribution from locally generated and advected moisture is calculated at the water vapor sampling points, along the latitudinal transects, assigning the representative end-member isotopic compositions, and by solving the two-component mixing model. The results suggest a varying contribution of the advected westerly component, with an increasing trend up to 65∘ S. Beyond 65∘ S, the proportion of Antarctic moisture was found to be prominent and increasing linearly towards the coast.

Purpose – This paper investigates the impacts of cultural heritage tourism (CHT) dimensions on sustainable community development (SCD) in Bishnupur, India. It explores how cultural heritage tourism influences the quality of life (QL) and community involvement (CI) in local surroundings, thereby effecting sustainable development. Methodology/Design/Approach – The research employed structured questionnaires for data collection from the community. Structural equation modelling and moderated mediation analysis were used to examine the hypotheses. Findings –The study revealed that cultural heritage value (CHV) and perceived benefits (PB) significantly impact SCD, mediated by QL. Community involvement (CI) is found to moderate the mediating impact of QL on the connections among CHV, PB, and SCD. Originality of the research – This research introduces a moderated-mediated model to measure the impact of CHT on SCD, which is novel in the context of Bishnupur. It uniquely combined the dimensions of CHV, PB, and DD (destination development) with QL and CI to understand their interplay in fostering sustainable community development. Implications – These findings offer valuable insights for stakeholders in cultural heritage tourism, highlighting the importance of focusing on QL and CI to enhance SCD. The study indicates that local authorities and community members should work together to conserve and ensure cultural-heritage conservation and promote sustainable community development.