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"Gibney, Mark"
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The Political Terror Scale (PTS): A Re-introduction and a Comparison to CIRI
Despite the frequency with which scholars have utilized the Political Terror Scale (PTS), a surprising number of questions remain regarding the origins of the scale, the coding scheme it employs, and its conceptualization of \"state terror.\" This research note attempts to clarify these issues. We also take this opportunity to compare the PTS with the Cingranelli and Richards Human Rights Data Project (CIRI). Although the PTS and CIRI are coded from the same source material and capture the same class of human rights violations, we observe some important differences between the two that we believe may be of interest to scholars in the quantitative human rights community. First, we believe that the CIRI claims a level of precision that is not possible given the source data from which both datasets are coded. We believe that the PTS offers a transparent coding system that recognizes the inherent limitations in measuring abuses of physical integrity rights. Second, we argue that the CIRI's method of summing across abuse types leads to some inappropriate categorizations. For instance, the absence of one type of abuse prevents a state from being coded into a more repressive overall category regardless of the levels of other types of abuse. Lastly, the PTS accounts for the \"range\" of violence committed by the state—in short, what segments of the population are targeted. We believe that range is an important dimension to consider in measuring human rights and one to which CIRI does not attend.
Journal Article
زمن الاعتذار : مواجهة الماضي الاستعماري بشجاعة
هذا الكتاب زمن الاعتذار يأتي في خمسة أجزاء يحمل الأول عنوان القانون والأخلاق والأخلاق الكامنة وراء الاعتذار فيما جاء الجزء الثاني بعنوان الاعتذار على المستوى المحلي وحمل الفصل الثالث عنوان الأعتذار على المستوى الدولي أما الرابع فحمل عنوان اعتذارات فاعلين من خارج مؤسسات الدولة وجاء الفصل الأخير مقتضبا تحت عنوان الحرب على الإرهاب.
Book
State Apologies and International Law
This article explores whether transnational state apologies—apologies from one state to another, but invariably apologies from “strong” states to “weak” ones—have any real meaning under international law. Without the force of law, states could continue to pursue the same or similar policies to those things for which they now apologize. One of the more remarkable aspects of transnational state apologies is the way in which they challenge the dominant “territorial” interpretation of international law. Through these apologies, states are committing themselves to protect not only their own citizens, but foreign nationals as well. Moreover, these principles are reflected in things like the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) initiative as well as the Arms Trade Treaty. On the other hand, there is also evidence of a fissure between (apologetic) words, on the one hand, and international law and state practice, most notably the law on state responsibility as well as the legal apartheid now institutionalized in both the United States and in Europe—the two largest purveyors of state apologies.
Journal Article
Human Rights Violations and Violent Internal Conflict
This research project uses econometric methods and comparative, cross-national data to see whether violations of human rights increase the likelihood of the onset or escalation of violent protest, terrorism and/or civil war. The findings show that these types of violent internal conflict will occur and escalate if governments: (1) torture, politically imprison, kill, or “disappear” people, (2) do not allow women to participate fully in the political system, including allowing them to hold high level national political office, and (3) do not allow women to participate fully in the economic life of the nation by ensuring equal pay for equal work, by encouraging their entry to the highest paid occupations, and by protecting them from sexual harassment at their workplaces. These types of violations of human rights and the existence of large horizontal inequalities in societies independently produce an increased risk of the onset and escalation of many forms of violent internal conflict. The results also provide some evidence for the argument that there is a trade-off between liberty and security.
Journal Article
Watching Human Rights
In order to be able to protect human rights, it is first necessary to see the denial of those rights. Aside from experiencing human rights violations directly, either as a victim or as an eyewitness, more than any other medium film is able to bring us closer to this aspect of the human experience. Yet, notwithstanding its importance to human rights, film has received virtually no scholarly attention and thus one of the primary goals of this book is to begin to fill this gap. From an historical perspective, human rights were not at all self-evident by reason alone, but had to gain standing through an appeal to human emotions found in novels as well as in works of moral philosophy and legal theory. Although literature continues to play an important role in the human rights project, film is able to take us that much further, by universalizing the particular experience of others different from ourselves, the viewers. Watching Human Rights analyzes more than 100 of the finest human rights films ever made-documentaries, feature films, faux documentaries, animations, and even cartoons. It will introduce the reader to a wealth of films that might otherwise remain unknown, but it also shows the human rights themes in films that all of us are familiar with.
eBook
Problems of Protection
First Published in 2003. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Niklaus Steiner is Associate Director of the University Center for International Studies at University of North Carolina. Gil Loesher was professor of International Relations at Notre Dame and he is now at the Center for International Studies at Oxford University. He serves on the Editorial board of the Journal of Refugee Studies and the UNHCR's State of the World's Refugees . Mark Gibney is Belk Distinguished Professor of Humanities at University of North Carolina.
eBook
Human Rights and State Jurisdiction
The objective of this paper is to explain the relationship between the scope of a state’s obligations under a human rights treaty and its jurisdiction and territory.
Journal Article
The Problem with Teaching \Ethics\
It seems that everyone is in favor of teaching \"ethics.\" However, too often ethics—or at least what passes itself off as such—is overly narrow in scope, self-serving, premised on empirical error, and subject to change simply based on location. Thus, the fear is that teaching ethics can itself be unethical.
Journal Article