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"Gilbert, Catherine"
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The book of Boy
In 1350, a boy with a large hump on his back becomes the servant of a shadowy pilgrim on his way to Rome, who pulls the boy into a dangerous expedition across Europe to gather the seven precious relics of Saint Peter.
BOOK
Using agro-ecological zones to improve the representation of a multi-environment trial of soybean varieties
This research introduces a novel framework for enhancing soybean cultivation in North America by categorizing growing environments into distinct ecological and maturity-based zones. Using an integrated analysis of long-term climatic data and records of soybean varietal trials, this research generates a zonal environmental characterization which captures major components of the growing environment which affect the range of adaptation of soybean varieties. These findings have immediate applications for optimizing multi-environment soybean trials. This characterization allows breeders to assess the environmental representation of a multi-environmental trial of soybean varieties, and to strategize the distribution of testing and the placement of test sites accordingly. This application is demonstrated with a historical scenario of a soybean multi-environment trial, using two resource allocation models: one targeted towards improving the general adaptation of soybean varieties, which focuses on widely cultivated areas, and one targeted towards specific adaptation, which captures diverse environmental conditions. Ultimately, the study aims to improve the efficiency and impact of soybean breeding programs, leading to the development of cultivars resilient to variable and changing climates.
Journal Article
Vaxxers : the inside story of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine and the race against the virus
This is the story of a race - not against other vaccines or other scientists, but against a deadly and devastating virus. On 1 January 2020, Sarah Gilbert, Professor of Vaccinology at Oxford University, read an article about four people in China with a strange pneumonia. Within two weeks, she and her team had designed a vaccine against a pathogen that no one had ever seen before. Less than 12 months later, vaccination was rolled out across the world to save millions of lives from Covid-19. In Vaxxers, we hear directly from Professor Gilbert and her colleague Dr Catherine Green as they reveal the inside story of making the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine and the cutting-edge science and sheer hard work behind it. This is their story of fighting a pandemic as ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances. Sarah and Cath share the heart-stopping moments in the eye of the storm; they separate fact from fiction; they explain how they made a highly effective vaccine in record time with the eyes of the world watching; and they give us hope for the future. Vaxxers invites us into the lab to find out how science will save us from this pandemic, and how we can prepare for the inevitable next one.
Book
Colorectal adenocarcinoma: risks, prevention and diagnosis
Colorectal cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer related mortality globally, with 1.4 million new cases and 700 000 deaths annually.1 What is colorectal cancer? Colorectal cancer refers to tumours of the rectum or large bowel (including the appendix) that arise from the colorectal mucosa (fig 1?). Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of colorectal cancer (>95%). Rarer subtypes include carcinoid tumour, sarcoma, and lymphoma; these present differently from adenocarcinoma1 and will not be discussed in this review. References
Journal Article
Mobilising Memory: Rwandan Women Genocide Survivors in the Diaspora
This article examines the testimonial literature of Rwandan women genocide survivors living in the diaspora, focusing in particular on the testimonies of Esther Mujawayo. Taking as its starting point Madelaine Hron's 'Translating Pain' (2009), which analyses the sociocultural dimensions of pain in narratives of immigrant suffering, this article explores the ways Rwandan women seek to negotiate a space within which to tell their stories in their host communities and the process of \"cultural translation\" that this inevitably entails. It will consider the strategies Rwandan women adopt to translate their experiences of trauma and displacement, as well as their role as public witnesses in the host society. As authors, educators and activists, these women are mobilising memory about the genocide, raising awareness for the continuing plight of survivors in Rwanda, and acting in solidarity with victims of other forms of violence and suffering, which I suggest points to an \"altruism born of suffering\" among Rwandans in the diaspora.
Journal Article
GPR88 promotes neurite outgrowth of sensory neurons via activation of Gi/o
IntroductionThe peripheral nervous system retains the intrinsic ability to regenerate: after nerve injury, axons can sprout and reinnervate their target organ. We hypothesized that this regenerative response was driven by a transcriptional program involving druggable gene targets that promote neurite outgrowth.MethodsSensory neurons were isolated from rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and cultured in vitro. Transcript levels were determined by sequencing of RNA. RNAscope was used to visualize GPR88 transcripts in individual subtypes of DRG neurons. Neurite outgrowth was quantified in the absence and presence of allosteric activators of GPR88 to generate concentration-response curves. Neuronal cultures were incubated in the presence of pertussis toxin and gallein to block Gi/Go- and βγ-dependent signalling, respectively.Results & DiscussionPlacing DRG neurons in culture severs their bipolar axons but they regrow spontaneously over several days. RNA sequencing revealed time-dependent differences in gene expression. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR88 was robustly upregulated during the early phase of regeneration. A search in publicly available datasets confirmed that the mRNA encoding GPR88 was upregulated after peripheral nerve injury. RNAScope in situ hybridization visualized the expression of GPR88 in all major subtypes of DRG neurons. The allosteric activators of GPR88 (RTI-13951-33, racemic 2-PCCA and its enantiomers) promoted the neurite outgrowth in a concentration-dependent manner with EC50 values in the nanomolar range. Their effect was abolished by incubation with pertussis toxin and gallein. These observations identify GPR88 as a regulator of neurite outgrowth in DRG neurons and implicate Gi/Go as a component of the signaling pathway. The findings support the conclusion that GPR88 is a potential therapeutic target for accelerating peripheral nerve repair.
Journal Article
Novel 3D printable powered air purifying respirator for emergency use during PPE shortage of the COVID-19 pandemic: a study protocol and device safety analysis
ObjectivesTo design a low-cost 3D printable powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) that meets National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) standard for flow rate and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard for particle filtration for loose-fitting PAPRs and that can be made with a 3D printer and widely available materials.DesignDetailed description of components, assembly instructions and testing of a novel PAPR design in an academic laboratory following respective protocols. The assembled PAPR must meet NIOSH standards of flow rate, 170 L/min; OSHA fit factor for particle filtration, ≥250 and maintain positive pressure during regular and deep breathing.Main outcome measuresThe PAPR design was run through a series of tests: air flow (L/min), particle filtration (quantitative and qualitative) and positive pressure measured inside the helmet (mm Hg).ResultsFlow rate was 443.32 L/min (NIOSH standard: minimum 170 L/min) and overall fit factor for particle filtration was 1362 (OSHA pass level: ≥500), n=1. The device passed qualitative particle filtration, n=2, and measured peak pressure of 6mm Hg (>0 mm Hg indicates positive pressure) in the helmet, n=1.ConclusionsThe Hygieia PAPR is a low-cost, easily accessible, just-in-time 3D printable PAPR design that meets minimum NIOSH and OSHA standards for flow-rate and particle filtration for loose-fitting PAPR devices to be made and used when industry-made designs are unavailable.
Journal Article
Lmx1a and Lmx1b regulate mitochondrial functions and survival of adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons
The LIM-homeodomain transcription factors Lmx1a and Lmx1b play critical roles during the development of midbrain dopaminergic progenitors, but their functions in the adult brain remain poorly understood. We show here that sustained expression of Lmx1a and Lmx1b is required for the survival of adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Strikingly, inactivation of Lmx1a and Lmx1b recreates cellular features observed in Parkinson’s disease. We found that Lmx1a/b control the expression of key genes involved in mitochondrial functions, and their ablation results in impaired respiratory chain activity, increased oxidative stress, and mitochondrial DNA damage. Lmx1a/b deficiency caused axonal pathology characterized by α-synuclein⁺ inclusions, followed by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. These results reveal the key role of these transcription factors beyond the early developmental stages and provide mechanistic links between mitochondrial dysfunctions, α-synuclein aggregation, and the survival of dopaminergic neurons.
Journal Article
Housing the Teacher Workforce: A Scoping Review
Globally, education systems are faced with dual workforce crises: a shortage of teachers and a lack of affordable housing. Attracting and retaining teachers through improved renumeration, working conditions, and quality preparation have been central. However, initiatives to attract and retain teachers mean little if the workforce cannot find appropriate (quality and affordable) housing within commuting distance to their workplaces. The present study undertakes a scoping review of research on the intersection of housing and the school education workforce. Specifically, we examine the volume, variety, and characteristics of evidence through the question of ‘What empirical studies have been published on the relationship between housing and the school education workforce?’ Online databases were used to identify 23 studies published in 2000–2024 from Australia, China, England, Kenya, Malaysia, New Zealand, Tanzania, Uganda, the UK, and the USA. Publications drew on a range of methods and housing was rarely the focal unit of analysis. This study finds that beyond establishing unaffordability through salary and housing costs ratios, and the peripheral inclusion of housing issues in studies, there is insufficient published peer reviewed evidence available to purposefully inform and measure interventions. Greater interdisciplinarity is required in research to highlight the complexity of issues at the intersection of housing (availability, affordability, and distance from workplaces) and workforce distribution. More rigorous data should be collected to support robust reporting on the state of housing for the school education workforce to deliver the type of evidence necessary to develop targeted and tailored interventions to improve outcomes for the workforce and ultimately students.
Journal Article
Three Basic Residues of Intracellular Loop 3 of the Beta-1 Adrenergic Receptor Are Required for Golgin-160-Dependent Trafficking
Golgin-160 is a member of the golgin family of proteins, which have been implicated in the maintenance of Golgi structure and in vesicle tethering. Golgin-160 is atypical; it promotes post-Golgi trafficking of specific cargo proteins, including the β-1 adrenergic receptor (β1AR), a G protein-coupled receptor. Here we show that golgin-160 binds directly to the third intracellular loop of β1AR and that this binding depends on three basic residues in this loop. Mutation of the basic residues does not affect trafficking of β1AR from the endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi complex, but results in reduced steady-state levels at the plasma membrane. We hypothesize that golgin-160 promotes incorporation of β1AR into specific transport carriers at the trans-Golgi network to ensure efficient delivery to the cell surface. These results add to our understanding of the biogenesis of β1AR, and suggest a novel point of regulation for its delivery to the plasma membrane.
Journal Article