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"Gilbert, Erik"
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Grains, trade and war in the multimodal transmission of Rice yellow mottle virus: An historical and phylogeographical retrospective
Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is a major pathogen of rice in Africa. RYMV has a narrow host range limited to rice and a few related poaceae species. We explore the links between the spread of RYMV in East Africa and rice history since the second half of the 19 th century. The phylogeography of RYMV in East Africa was reconstructed from coat protein gene sequences (ORF4) of 335 isolates sampled over two million square kilometers between 1966 and 2020. Dispersal patterns obtained from ORF2a and ORF2b, and full-length sequences converged to the same scenario. The following imprints of rice cultivation on RYMV epidemiology were unveiled. RYMV emerged in the middle of the 19 th century in the Eastern Arc Mountains where slash-and-burn rice cultivation was practiced. Several spillovers from wild hosts to cultivated rice occurred. RYMV was then rapidly introduced into the nearby large rice growing Kilombero valley and Morogoro region. Harvested seeds are contaminated by debris of virus infected plants that subsist after threshing and winnowing. Long-distance dispersal of RYMV is consistent (i) with rice introduction along the caravan routes from the Indian Ocean Coast to Lake Victoria in the second half of the 19 th century, (ii) seed movement from East Africa to West Africa at the end of the 19 th century, from Lake Victoria to the north of Ethiopia in the second half of the 20 th century and to Madagascar at the end of the 20 th century, (iii) and, unexpectedly, with rice transport at the end of the First World War as a troop staple food from the Kilombero valley towards the South of Lake Malawi. Overall, RYMV dispersal was associated to a broad range of human activities, some unsuspected. Consequently, RYMV has a wide dispersal capacity. Its dispersal metrics estimated from phylogeographic reconstructions are similar to those of highly mobile zoonotic viruses.
Journal Article
College Finances Are Being Eaten From the Inside: How online-course contractors exploit vulnerable institutions
According to an investigation published recently by the Century Foundation, our situation is not unique. Based on a dozen responses to public-records requests the foundation sent to public colleges they knew had extensive OPM involvement, researchers found that “an OPM brings in around 40 percent of all students at both Southeastern Oklahoma State University and Arkansas State University; and at Lamar University in Texas, over half of the school’s total enrollment is recruited by an OPM.” [Image Omitted] The financial consequences of this are grim. Besides the fact that OPMs take a large chunk of tuition from these programs, it’s also the case that most students in these programs don’t pay the same fees as on-campus students. [...]despite a nominally stable enrollment, we have been lurching from one budget crisis to another.
Journal Article
