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"Gilbert, H"
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Effect of Three Decades of Screening Mammography on Breast-Cancer Incidence
Screening Mammography and Breast-Cancer Incidence
Mammography detects substantially more cases of early-stage breast cancer, but late-stage diagnoses have decreased little. This study shows that up to 31% of new breast cancers may be overdiagnosed, although it is not known which tumors may have a fatal course.
There are two prerequisites for screening to reduce the rate of death from cancer.
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First, screening must advance the time of diagnosis of cancers that are destined to cause death. Second, early treatment of these cancers must confer some advantage over treatment at clinical presentation. Screening programs that meet the first prerequisite will have a predictable effect on the stage-specific incidence of cancer. As the time of diagnosis is advanced, more cancers will be detected at an early stage and the incidence of early-stage cancer will increase. If the time of diagnosis of cancers that will progress to a . . .
Journal Article
Korea's Thyroid-Cancer “Epidemic” — Screening and Overdiagnosis
In 2011, the rate of thyroid-cancer diagnoses in the Republic of Korea was 15 times that observed in 1993, yet thyroid-cancer mortality remains stable — a combination that suggests that the problem is overdiagnosis attributable to widespread thyroid-cancer screening.
The Republic of Korea has provided national health insurance to its 50 million citizens since the 1980s. Although health care expenditures in South Korea's single-payer system are relatively low — accounting for 7.6% of the country's gross domestic product — the system is technologically intensive; among the countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, it ranks second in acute care beds per million population, fifth in computed tomography (CT) scanners per million population, and fourth in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines per million population. The country also has a well-developed data infrastructure for both vital statistics (Statistics Korea) . . .
Journal Article
Simulating innovation : computer-based tools for rethinking innovation
Christopher Watts and Nigel Gilbert explore the generation, diffusion and impact of innovations, which can now be studied using computer simulations. Agent-based simulation models can be used to explain the innovation that emerges from interactions among complex, adaptive, diverse networks of firms, people, technologies, practices and resources. This book provides a critical review of recent advances in agent-based modelling and other forms of the simulation of innovation. Elements explored include: diffusion of innovations, social networks, organisational learning, science models, adopting and adapting, and technological evolution and innovation networks. Many of the models featured in the book can be downloaded from the book's accompanying website. Bringing together simulation models from several innovation-related fields, this book will prove a fascinating read for academics and researchers in a wide range of disciplines, including: innovation studies, evolutionary economics, complexity science, organisation studies, social networks, and science and technology studies. Scholars and researchers in the areas of computer science, operational research and management science will also be interested in the uses of simulation models to improve the understanding of organisation.
Book
Reconsidering Prostate Cancer Mortality — The Future of PSA Screening
Since PSA screening and the treatment that may follow result in trading off one cause of death for another, rather than extending life, providers who support such screening should offer patients a better deal by protecting them from overdiagnosis and overtreatment.
Journal Article
Reinventing innovation : designing the dual organization
\"Based on research findings and detailed, original cases, this book charts the new innovation imperative, where organizations must deliver on dual goals: an efficient return on current operations, and a burgeoning pipeline of new products. It argues that the two pursuits cannot be achieved through a bland compromise, or by switching priorities back and forth. Only a 'dual' organization capable of amplifying the tension can optimize efficiency while seeding innovation. Reinventing Innovation examines the nature of dual organizing, presents a series of in-depth cases to reveal its principles, and explains how to fortify organizations with 'ambidexterity' capabilities\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Epidemiologic Signatures in Cancer
The authors use 40 years of data on cancer incidence and mortality to produce curves that show changes in cancer incidence (decreasing, increasing, or staying stable) and the effect of early detection efforts on cancer incidence and that help to distinguish treatment advances from overdiagnosis.
Journal Article
The world since 1945 : an international history
\"A comprehensive survey of international affairs from the end of the Second World War, through to the Cold War and up to the present day\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
South Korea’s Thyroid-Cancer “Epidemic” — Turning the Tide
Since a physician coalition called attention to the extremely high incidence of diagnoses of thyroid cancer in South Korea and proposed that thyroid screening with ultrasonography be discouraged, there has been a marked decrease in the number of thyroid operations.
To the Editor:
In 2014, we reported on the rate of thyroid-cancer diagnoses in South Korea that was 15 times as high in 2011 as the rate in 1993.
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This increase resulted when fee-for-service providers added thyroid screening with ultrasonography to other cancer-screening tests paid for by the government. Here, we report on an increased awareness of overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer among South Koreans and the effect of this awareness on the number of surgical operations for thyroid cancer.
In March 2014, eight physicians from South Korea formed the Physician Coalition for Prevention of Overdiagnosis of Thyroid Cancer and wrote . . .
Journal Article