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"Gillette, P."
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Comparative analysis of the Pocillopora damicornis genome highlights role of immune system in coral evolution
Comparative analysis of the expanding genomic resources for scleractinian corals may provide insights into the evolution of these organisms, with implications for their continued persistence under global climate change. Here, we sequenced and annotated the genome of
Pocillopora damicornis
, one of the most abundant and widespread corals in the world. We compared this genome, based on protein-coding gene orthology, with other publicly available coral genomes (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia), as well as genomes from other anthozoan groups (Actiniaria, Corallimorpharia), and two basal metazoan outgroup phlya (Porifera, Ctenophora). We found that 46.6% of
P. damicornis
genes had orthologs in all other scleractinians, defining a coral ‘core’ genome enriched in basic housekeeping functions. Of these core genes, 3.7% were unique to scleractinians and were enriched in immune functionality, suggesting an important role of the immune system in coral evolution. Genes occurring only in
P. damicornis
were enriched in cellular signaling and stress response pathways, and we found similar immune-related gene family expansions in each coral species, indicating that immune system diversification may be a prominent feature of scleractinian coral evolution at multiple taxonomic levels. Diversification of the immune gene repertoire may underlie scleractinian adaptations to symbiosis, pathogen interactions, and environmental stress.
Journal Article
Growth tradeoffs associated with thermotolerant symbionts in the coral Pocillopora damicornis are lost in warmer oceans
The growth and survival of reef corals are influenced by their symbiotic algal partners (
Symbiodinium
spp.), which may be flexible in space and time. Tradeoffs among partnerships exist such that corals with thermotolerant symbionts (e.g., clade D) resist bleaching but grow more slowly, making the long-term ecosystem-level impacts of different host–symbiont associations uncertain. However, much of this uncertainty is due to limited data regarding these tradeoffs and particularly how they are mediated by the environment. To address this knowledge gap, we measured growth and survival of
Pocillopora damicornis
with thermally sensitive (clade C) or tolerant (clade D) symbionts at three temperatures over 18–55 weeks. Warming reduced coral growth overall, but altered the tradeoffs associated with symbiont type. While clade D corals grew 35–40 % slower than clade C corals at cooler temperatures (26 °C), warming of 1.5–3 °C reduced and eliminated this growth disadvantage. These results suggest that although warmer oceans will negatively impact corals, clade D may enhance survival at no cost to growth relative to clade C. Understanding these genotype–environment interactions can help improve modeling efforts and conservation strategies for reefs under global climate change.
Journal Article
Dynamic regulation of partner abundance mediates response of reef coral symbioses to environmental change
Regulating partner abundance may allow symbiotic organisms to mediate interaction outcomes, facilitating adaptive responses to environmental change. To explore the capacity for adaptive regulation in an ecologically important endosymbiosis, we studied the population dynamics of symbiotic algae in reef-building corals under different abiotic contexts. We found high natural variability in symbiont abundance in corals across reefs, but this variability converged to different symbiont-specific abundances when colonies were maintained under constant conditions. When conditions changed seasonally, symbiont abundance readjusted to new equilibria. We explain these patterns using an a priori model of symbiotic costs and benefits to the coral host, which shows that the observed changes in symbiont abundance are consistent with the maximization of interaction benefit under different environmental conditions. These results indicate that, while regulating symbiont abundance helps hosts sustain maximum benefit in a dynamic environment, spatiotemporal variation in abiotic factors creates a broad range of symbiont abundances (and interaction outcomes) among corals that may account for observed natural variability in performance (e.g., growth rate) and stress tolerance (e.g., bleaching susceptibility). This cost or benefit framework provides a new perspective on the dynamic regulation of reef coral symbioses and illustrates that the dependence of interaction outcomes on biotic and abiotic contexts may be important in understanding how diverse mutualisms respond to environmental change.
Journal Article
Risk factors for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a multicentre study
Ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot are devastating complications in adult survivors of early surgery, but their prediction remains difficult.
We examined surgical, electrocardiographic, and late haemodynamic data, and their relation to clinical arrhythmia and sudden death occurring over 10 years, in a multicentre cohort of patients with repaired tetralogy, who were alive in 1985.
Of 793 patients (mean age at repair 8·2 years [SD 8], mean time from repair 21·1 years [8–7]) who entered the study, 33 patients developed sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, 16 died suddenly, and 29 had new-onset sustained atrial flutter or fibrillation. Electrocardiographic markers (QRS duration, QRS rate of change between 1985 and 1995) were significantly greater in the ventricular tachycardia and sudden-death groups. Older age at repair was associated with a higher risk of sudden death and atrial tachyarrhythmia. Pulmonary regurgitation was the main underlying haemodynamic lesion for patients with ventricular tachycardia and sudden death, whereas tricuspid regurgitation was for those with atrial flutter/fibrillation. Despite adverse haemodynamics, no patient who died suddenly had undergone late reoperation.
Arrhythmia and sudden death are important late sequelae for patients after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The electrophysiological and haemodynamic substrate of sudden death resembled that of sustained ventricular tachycardia, with pulmonary regurgitation being the predominant haemodynamic lesion. Preservation or restoration of pulmonary valve function may thus reduce the risk of sudden death. Furthermore, electrocardiographic markers can help to identify patients at risk.
Journal Article
Remote Work and City Decline: Lessons From the Garment District
Abstract
The dramatic rise of remote work threatens the traditional source of urban growth—the unique ability of dense cities to provide a setting in which firms and employees share productive resources, match needs with skills, and transmit knowledge at low cost. These “agglomeration benefits” have induced cities to pursue clusters of related firms that have served as the basis for local economic development and technological innovation. Remote work reduces the necessity for related firms to co-locate, and its popularity has led commentators to predict significant decrease in city business activity, tax revenues, and services as traditional clusters dissipate. It remains unclear how cities will react to the remote work phenomenon. Prior episodes of cluster decline, however, reveal that cities have difficulty pivoting to new economic models when outmoded ones threaten local decay. Instead, cities tend to support existing clusters, notwithstanding that the impending decline is a function of external forces rather than of local policies. This article addresses the potential mismatch between cluster decline that may flow from remote work and city responses. The article theorizes that continued municipal efforts to support a declining cluster emerge from the ability of affected firms to coalesce, exercise political influence, and exploit fragmented municipal decision making to preserve the status quo, maintain or increase municipal subsidies for the cluster, and deter entry by competitors for city resources. Those strategies impede the city’s transition to a more productive economy in the face of looming cluster decline. The article then turns to the history of the garment industry in New York City to illustrate the theory. That history provides a cautionary tale about how cities should and should not respond to the threats they face from remote work.
Journal Article
DICTATORSHIPS FOR DEMOCRACY: TAKEOVERS OF FINANCIALLY FAILED CITIES
States have traditionally offered support to their fiscally distressed municipalities. When less intrusive forms of assistance fail to bring stability, some states employ supervisory institutions that exercise approval authority over local budgets or, more intrusively, displace locally elected officials. These \"takeover boards\" are frequently accused of representing an antidemocratic form of local government and a denial of local autonomy. This Article suggests that the extent to which takeover boards are subject to an antidemocratic critique is frequently overstated. Those making efforts to revive near-insolvent localities cannot be oblivious to the causes that generated their distress. Depopulation, high unemployment, depleted municipal services, and blight do not arise spontaneously. They are frequently the consequence of long periods of local mismanagement, in which expenditures deviate substantially from those goods and services that residents prefer, inducing the most mobile among them to gravitate to more hospitable jurisdictions. Any viable response to such dysfunction must therefore address the causes of political dysfunction. By addressing the political underpinnings of fiscal distress, takeover boards may be more capable of satisfying the interests of local residents for public goods than local elected officials and may also represent the interests of nonresidents and creditors who are not considered by those officials. Moreover, this Article suggests the authority of takeover boards should be expanded to allow them to engage in restructuring of municipal governance in order to avoid the entrenched and fragmented institutions that are often associated with local fiscal distress. The temporary nature of takeover board jurisdiction means that when local governance returns to the realm of normal politics, residents will be in a more informed position to evaluate the optimal structure of local governance.
Journal Article
Preliminary Results Suggest Tranexamic Acid is Safe and Effective in Arthroplasty Patients with Severe Comorbidities
Background
Tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces blood loss and transfusion after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) but concerns remain that patients with severe medical comorbidities might be at increased risk for thromboembolic complications.
Questions/purposes
Among patients undergoing primary TJA with severe systemic medical disease, (1) was TXA associated with increased symptomatic thromboembolic events; (2) was TXA associated with decreased blood transfusion rates; and (3) were there differences in symptomatic thromboembolism or transfusions in the subset of patients with a history of, or risk factors for; thromboembolic disease?
Methods
We performed a retrospective review of 1131 primary TJAs in 1002 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists score III or IV. Of these, 402 had at least one of seven risk factors for thromboembolic events and were designated as high risk; 240 of those patients received TXA. Outcome measures included 30-day postoperative symptomatic thromboembolic events and postoperative transfusion.
Results
There were no differences in symptomatic thromboembolic events within 30 days of surgery between patients who received TXA and those who did not (2.5% versus 2.6%, p = 0.97). Fewer patients treated with TXA received transfusions (11% with versus 41% without; p < 0.0001). In high-risk patients, TXA was not associated with an increase in symptomatic thromboembolic events (6.7% with versus 4.3% without; p = 0.27) and was associated with a decrease in transfusion rates (17% with versus 48% without; p = 0.001).
Conclusions
Although TXA seemed safe and effective in this database review of patients with severe medical comorbidities, a larger prospective trial is warranted to confirm these results.
Level of Evidence
Level III, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Journal Article
Low Risk of Thromboembolic Complications With Tranexamic Acid After Primary Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty
Background
The use of antifibrinolytic medications in hip and knee arthroplasty reduces intraoperative blood loss and decreases transfusion rates postoperatively. Tranexamic acid (TXA) specifically has not been associated with increased thromboembolic (TE) complications, but concerns remain about the risk of symptomatic TE events, particularly when less aggressive chemical prophylaxis methods such as aspirin alone are chosen.
Questions/purposes
We determined whether the rate of symptomatic TE events differed among patients given intraoperative TXA when three different postoperative prophylactic regimens were used after primary THA and TKA.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 2046 patients who underwent primary THA or TKA and received TXA from 2007 to 2009. The three chemical regimens included aspirin alone, warfarin (target international normalized ratio, 1.8–2.2), and dalteparin. Primary outcome measures were venous TE events, including symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and arterioocclusive events, including myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident. Patients judged to be at high risk for TE due to recent cardiac stent placement or strong personal/family history of TE disease were excluded.
Results
For aspirin, warfarin, and dalteparin, the rates of symptomatic DVT (0.35%, 0.15%, and 0.52%, respectively) and nonfatal PE were similar (0.17%, 0.43%, and 0.26%, respectively). There were no fatal PE. Among the three groups, we found no difference in the rates of symptomatic DVT or PE with or without stratification by ASA score.
Conclusions
A low complication rate was seen when using TXA as a blood conservation modality during primary THA and TKA with less aggressive thromboprophylactic regimens such as aspirin alone and dose-adjusted warfarin.
Level of Evidence
Level III, therapeutic study. See the Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Journal Article