Explore the vast range of titles available.

It remains contentious whether the meteoritic material delivered to the terrestrial planets after the end of core formation was rich or poor in water and other volatiles. As Venus’s atmosphere has probably experienced less volatile recycling over its history than Earth’s, it may be possible to constrain the volatile delivery to the primitive Venusian atmosphere from the planet’s present-day atmospheric composition. Here we investigate the long-term evolution of Venus using self-consistent numerical simulations of global thermochemical mantle convection coupled with both an atmospheric evolution model and a late accretion N-body delivery model. We found that atmospheric escape is only able to remove a limited amount of water over the history of the planet, and that the late accretion of wet material exceeds this sink and would result in a present-day atmosphere that is too rich in volatiles. A preferentially dry composition of the late accretion impactors is most consistent with measurements of atmospheric H2O, CO2 and N2. Hence, we suggest that the late accreted material delivered to Venus was mostly dry enstatite chondrite, consistent with isotopic data for Earth, with less than 2.5% (by mass) wet carbonaceous chondrites. In this scenario, the majority of Venus’s and Earth’s water would have been delivered during the main accretion phase.Venus’s atmospheric composition suggests limited water delivery to the terrestrial planets by late accretion, according to numerical simulations of the interior and atmospheric evolution of Venus under various late accretion scenarios.

Venus today is inhospitable at the surface, its average temperature of 750 K being incompatible to the existence of life as we know it. However, the potential for past surface habitability and upper atmosphere (cloud) habitability at the present day is hotly debated, as the ongoing discussion regarding a possible phosphine signature coming from the clouds shows. We review current understanding about the evolution of Venus with special attention to scenarios where the planet may have been capable of hosting microbial life. We compare the possibility of past habitability on Venus to the case of Earth by reviewing the various hypotheses put forth concerning the origin of habitable conditions and the emergence and evolution of plate tectonics on both planets. Life emerged on Earth during the Hadean when the planet was dominated by higher mantle temperatures (by about 200 ∘ C ), an uncertain tectonic regime that likely included squishy lid/plume-lid and plate tectonics, and proto continents. Despite the lack of well-preserved crust dating from the Hadean and Paleoarchean, we attempt to review current understanding of the environmental conditions during this critical period based on zircon crystals and geochemical signatures from this period, as well as studies of younger, relatively well-preserved rocks from the Paleoarchean. For these early, primitive life forms, the tectonic regime was not critical but it became an important means of nutrient recycling, with possible consequences on the global environment in the long-term, that was essential to the continuation of habitability and the evolution of life. For early Venus, the question of stable surface water is closely related to tectonics. We discuss potential transitions between stagnant lid and (episodic) tectonics with crustal recycling, as well as consequences for volatile cycling between Venus’ interior and atmosphere. In particular, we review insights into Venus’ early climate and examine critical questions about early rotation speed, reflective clouds, and silicate weathering, and summarize implications for Venus’ long-term habitability. Finally, the state of knowledge of the Venusian clouds and the proposed detection of phosphine is covered.

The implementation of new image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) treatment techniques requires the development of new quality assurance (QA) methods including geometric and dosimetric validation of the applied dose in 3D. Polymer gels (PG) provide a promising tool to perform such tests. However, to be used in a large variety of clinical applications, the PG must be flexibly applicable. In this work, we present a variety of phantoms used in clinical routine to perform both hardware and workflow tests in IGRT. This includes the validation of isocenter accuracy in magnetic resonance (MR)-guided RT (MRgRT) and end-to-end tests of online adaptive treatment techniques for inter- and intra-fraction motion management in IGRT. The phantoms are equipped with one or more PG containers of different materials including 3D printed containers to allow for 3D dosimetry in arbitrarily shaped structures. The proposed measurement techniques and phantoms provide a flexible application and show a clear benefit of PG for 3D dosimetry in combination with end-to-end tests in many clinical QA applications.

Kevin Gillmann,1,2 Christophe Baudouin,3– 5 Imran Masood,6– 8 Ana Miguel,9,10 Alice Grise-Dulac,11 Nishani Amerasinghe,12 Karl Mercieca,13 Cedric Gillmann,14 Athena Lallouette1 1Department of Ophthalmology, Genève Ophtalmologie, Geneva, Switzerland; 2School of Business and Management, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; 3Department of Ophthalmology 3, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, IHU FOReSIGHT, Paris, France; 4Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, IHU Foresight, AP-HP, University of Paris Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; 5IHU Foresight, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Institut de la Vision Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; 6Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; 7Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; 8Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham Institute for Glaucoma Research, Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; 9Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France; 10Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Privé de la Baie, Avranches, France; 11Department of Anterior Segment and Refractive Surgery, Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; 12Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK; 13Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; 14Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandCorrespondence: Kevin Gillmann, Department of Ophthalmology, Genève Ophtalmologie, Avenue du Mail 22, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland, Email kevin.gillmann@doctors.org.ukIntroduction: Earlier intervention in glaucoma has been suggested to slow disease progression and preserve visual function and quality of life. Consequently, minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) is increasingly used in mild-to-moderate glaucoma. Although numerous techniques and devices are available, their comparative efficacy remains debated: most procedures lower intraocular pressure to the mid-teens in primary open-angle glaucoma, but without clear evidence of superiority. As these surgeries are now offered to younger, otherwise healthy patients, safety has therefore become a central criterion in technique selection.Methods: This PRISMA-based systematic review analyzed safety outcomes from peer-reviewed studies of the main MIGS procedures published between 2014 and 2024. Five databases were searched using current and historical device names. Non-clinical studies, case series, and nonstandard techniques were excluded from quantitative analysis but retained qualitatively to capture rare events. A total of 401 studies, representing 39,381 eyes and 68,917 eye-years of follow-up, were included. Highest reported and weighted mean complication rates were calculated by procedure type.Results: Safety profiles varied. Trabecular bypass implants and ab interno canaloplasty were associated with low rates of serious adverse events and minimal anatomical disruption. Suprachoroidal devices carried higher risks of hypotony, inflammation, and malposition. Across all categories, chronic changes to angle anatomy and occasionnal re-interventions highlighted the potential for long-term sequelae, with endothelial cell loss emerging as a key concern for certain procedures.However, heterogeneity in definitions and reporting limited comparability. Common events such as hyphema and IOP spikes were inconsistently documented, while late complications like endothelial cell loss or peripheral anterior synechiae were often overlooked. This underreporting risks conflicting conclusions and undermines comparisons.Conclusion: For patients with mild, stable disease or those undergoing opportunistic combined surgery, tissue-sparing procedures with the lowest observed complication rates may be preferable. Standardized definitions, long-term follow-up, and harmonized safety reporting are becoming essential.Keywords: glaucoma, adverse events, canaloplasty, trabecular bypass, goniotomy, endothelial cell loss

In our search for life on other planets over the past decades, we have come to understand that the solid terrestrial planets provide much more than merely a substrate on which life may develop. Large-scale exchange of heat and volatile species between planetary interiors and hydrospheres/atmospheres, as well as the presence of a magnetic field, are important factors contributing to the habitability of a planet. This chapter reviews these processes, their mutual interactions, and the role life plays in regulating or modulating them.

The composition of meteoritic material delivered to the terrestrial planets after the end of core formation as late accretion remains contentious. Because the evolution of Venus' atmospheric composition is likely to be less intricate than the Earth's, we test implications of wet and dry late accretion compositions, using present-day Venus atmosphere measurements. Here we investigate the long-term evolution of Venus using self-consistent numerical models of global thermochemical mantle convection coupled with both an atmospheric evolution model and a late accretion N-body delivery model. Atmospheric escape is only able to remove a limited amount of water over the history of the planet. We show that late accretion of wet material exceeds this sink. CO2 and N2 contributions serve as additional constraints. A preferentially dry composition of the late accretion impactors is in agreement with observational data on H2O, CO2 and N2 in Venus' present-day atmosphere. Our study suggests that the late accreted material delivered to Venus was mostly dry enstatite chondrite, conforming to isotopic data available for Earth. Our preferred scenario indicates late accretion on Venus contained less than 2.5% wet carbonaceous chondrites. In this scenario, the majority of Venus' and Earth's water has been delivered during the main accretion phase.

The Interuniversity Attraction Pole (IAP) ‘PLANET TOPERS’ (Planets: Tracing the Transfer, Origin, Preservation, and Evolution of their Reservoirs) addresses the fundamental understanding of the thermal and compositional evolution of the different reservoirs of planetary bodies (core, mantle, crust, atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and space) considering interactions and feedback mechanisms. Here we present the first results after 2 years of project work.

Background Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) is a life-threatening condition occurring in patients with shock and is characterized by vasoconstriction of the mesenteric arteries leading to intestinal ischemia and multi-organ failure. Although minimal invasive local intra-arterial infusion of vasodilators into the mesenteric circulation has been suggested as a therapeutic option in NOMI, current knowledge is based on retrospective case series and it remains unclear which patients might benefit. Here, we prospectively analyzed predictors of response to intra-arterial therapy in patients with NOMI. Methods This is a prospective single-center observational study to analyze improvement of ischemia (indicated by reduction of blood lactate > 2 mmol/l from baseline after 24 h, primary endpoint) and 28-day mortality (key secondary endpoint) in patients with NOMI undergoing intra-arterial vasodilatory therapy. Predictors of response to therapy concerning primary and key secondary endpoint were identified using a) clinical parameters as well as b) data from 2D-perfusion angiography and c) experimental biomarkers of intestinal injury. Results A total of 42 patients were included into this study. At inclusion patients had severe shock, indicated by high doses of norepinephrine (NE) (median (interquartile range (IQR)) 0.37 (0.21–0.60) μg/kg/min), elevated lactate concentrations (9.2 (5.2–13) mmol/l) and multi-organ failure. Patients showed a continuous reduction of lactate following intra-arterial prostaglandin infusion (baseline: (9.2 (5.2–13) mmol/l vs. 24 h: 4.4 (2.5–9.1) mmol/l, p  < 0.001) with 22 patients (52.4%) reaching a lactate reduction > 2 mmol/l at 24 h following intervention. Initial higher lactate concentrations and lower NE doses at baseline were independent predictors of an improvement of ischemia. 28-day mortality was 59% in patients with a reduction of lactate > 2 mmol/l 24 h after inclusion, while it was 85% in all other patients (hazard ratio 0.409; 95% CI, 0.14–0.631, p  = 0.005). Conclusions A reduction of lactate concentrations was observed following implementation of intra-arterial therapy, and lactate reduction was associated with better survival. Our findings concerning outcome predictors in NOMI patients undergoing intra-arterial prostaglandin therapy might help designing a randomized controlled trial to further investigate this therapeutic approach. Trial registration Retrospectively registered on January 22, 2020, at clinicaltrials.gov (REPERFUSE, NCT04235634), https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04235634?cond=NOMI&draw=2&rank=1 .