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The Store in the Hood is a comprehensive study of conflicts between immigrant merchants and customers throughout the U.S. during the 20th century. From the lynchings of Sicilian immigrant merchants in the late 1800s, to the riots in L.A. following the acquittal of the police officers who beat Rodney King, to present-day Detroit, recurrent conflicts between immigrant business owners and their customers have disrupted the stability of American life. Devastating human lives, property and public order, these conflicts have been the subject of periodic investigations that are generally limited in scope and emphasize the outlooks and cultural practices of the involved groups as the root of most disputes. This book develops a more nuanced understanding by exploring merchant/customer conflicts over the past hundred years across a wide range of ethnic groups and settings. Utilizing published research, official statistics, interviews, and ethnographic data collected from diverse locations, the book reveals how powerful groups and institutions have shaped the environments in which merchant/customer conflicts occur. These conflicts must be seen as products of the larger society's values, policies and structures, not solely as a consequence of actions by immigrants, the urban poor, and other marginal groups.

This revised and expanded second edition of Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies provides a comprehensive basis for understanding the complexity and patterns of international migration. Despite increased efforts to limit its size and consequences, migration has wide-ranging impacts upon social, environmental, economic, political and cultural life in countries of origin and settlement. Such transformations impact not only those who are migrating, but those who are left behind, as well as those who live in the areas where migrants settle. Featuring forty-six essays written by leading international and multidisciplinary scholars, this new edition showcases evolving research and theorizing around refugees and forced migrants, new migration paths through Central Asia and the Middle East, the condition of statelessness and South to South migration. New chapters also address immigrant labor and entrepreneurship, skilled migration, ethnic succession, contract labor and informal economies. Uniquely among texts in the subject area, the Handbook provides a six-chapter compendium of methodologies for studying international migration and its impacts. Written in a clear and direct style, this Handbook offers a contemporary integrated resource for students and scholars from the perspectives of social science, humanities, journalism and other disciplines. List of figures List of tables Notes on the contributors Introduction to the second edition Steven J. Gold and Stephanie J. Nawyn Introduction to the first edition Steven J. Gold and Stephanie J. Nawyn PART I: Theories and histories of international migration 1 Economic perspectives on migration Peter Karpestam and Fredrik N.G. Andersson 2 Psychological acculturation: perspectives, principles, processes, and prospects Marc H. Bornstein, Judith K. Bernhard, Robert H. Bradley, Xinyin Chen, Jo Ann M. Farver, Steven J. Gold, Donald J. Hernandez, Christiane Spiel, Fons van de Vijver, and Hirokazu Yoshikawa 3 European migration history Leo Lucassen and Jan Lucassen 4 Migration history in the Americas Donna R. Gabaccia 5 Asian migration in the longue durée Adam McKeown 6 A brief history of African migration David Newman Glovsky PART II Displacement, refugees and forced migration 7 Forced migrants: exclusion, incorporation and a moral economy of deservingness Charles Watters 8 Refugees and geopolitical conflicts David Haines 9 Country of first asylum Breanne Grace 10 Displacement, refugees, and forced migration in the MENA region: the case of Syria Seçil Paçaci Elitok and Christiane Fröhlich 11 Climate change and human migration: constructed vulnerability, uneven flows, and the challenges of studying environmental migration in the 21st century Daniel B. Ahlquist and Leo A. Baldiga PART III: Migrants in the economy 12 Unions and immigrants Héctor L. Delgado 13 Immigrant and ethnic entrepreneurship Ali R. Chaudhary 14 High-skilled migration Metka Hercog 15 Immigration and the informal economy Rebeca Raijman 16 Vulnerability to exploitation and human trafficking: a multi-scale review of risk Amanda Flaim and Celine Villongco PART IV: Intersecting inequalities in the lives of migrants 17 The changing configuration of migration and race Miri Song 18 Nativism: a global-historical perspective Maritsa V. Poros 19 Gender and migration: uneven integration Stephanie J. Nawyn 20 Sexualities and international migration Eithne Luibhéid 21 Migrants and indigeneity: nationalism, nativism and the politics of place Nandita Sharma PART V: Creating and recreating community and group identity 22 Panethnicity Y.n Lê Espiritu 23 Understanding ethnicity from a community perspective Min Zhou 24 Religion on the move: the place of religion in different stages of the migration experience Jacqueline Maria Hagan and Holly Straut-Eppsteiner 25 Condemned to a protracted limbo? Refugees and statelessness in the age of terrorism Cawo M. Abdi and Erika Busse 26 Reclaiming the black and Asian journeys: a comparative perspective on culture, class, and immigration Patricia Fernández-Kelly PART VI: Migrants and social reproduction 27 Immigrant and refugee language policies, programs, and practices in an era of change: promises, contradictions, and possibilities Guofang Li and Pramod Kumar Sah 28 Immigrant intermarriage Charlie V. Morgan 29 International adoption Andrea Louie PART VII: Migrants and the state 30 Undocumented (or unauthorized) immigration Cecilia Menjívar 31 Detention and deportation Caitlin Patler, Kristina Shull, and Katie Dingeman 32 Naturalization and nationality: community, nation-state and global explanations Thomas Janoski 33 Asian migrations and the evolving notions of national community Yuk Wah Chan 34 Immigration and education Ramona Fruja Amthor 35 Emigration and the sending state Cristián Doña-Reveco and Brendan Mullan 36 International migration and the welfare state: connections and extensions Aaron Ponce 37 Immigration and crime and the criminalization of immigration Rubén G. Rumbaut, Katie Dingeman, and Anthony Robles PART VIII: Maintaining links across borders 38 The historical, cultural, social, and political backgrounds of ethno-national diasporas Gabriel (Gabi) Sheffer 39 Transnationalism Thomas Faist and Basak Bilecen 40 Survival or incorporation? Immigrant (re)integration after deportation Kelly Birch Maginot 41 Return migration Audrey Kobayashi PART IX: Methods for studying international migration 42 Census analysis Karen A. Woodrow-Lafield 43 Binational migration surveys: representativeness, standardization, and the ethnosurvey model Mariano Sana 44 Interviewing immigrants and refugees: reflexive engagement with research subjects Chien-Juh Gu 45 Using photography in studies of international migration Steven J. Gold 46 Comparative methodologies in the study of migration Irene Bloemraad Index Steven J. Gold is Professor in the Department of Sociology at Michigan State University. His interests include international migration, ethnic economies, qualitative methods and visual sociology. He has conducted research on Israeli emigration and transnationalism, Russian-speaking Jewish and Vietnamese refugees in the U.S., ethnic economies, and on conflicts between immigrant merchants and their customers. Stephanie J. Nawyn is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology and the Co-Director of Academic Programs at the Center for Gender in Global Context at Michigan State University. Her work has primarily focused on refugee resettlement and protection, as well as the economic advancement of African voluntary migrants in the U.S. with a focus on gender. She was a Fulbright Fellow at Istanbul University for the 2013–14 academic year, studying the treatment of Syrian refugees in Turkey. Her most recent work was published in the Journal of Refugees Studies and the Journal of Ethnic and Racial Studies.

The rapid rise in immigration over the past few decades has transformed the American social landscape, while the need to understand its impact on society has led to a burgeoning research literature. Predominantly non-European and of varied cultural, social, and economic backgrounds, the new immigrants present analytic challenges that cannot be wholly met by traditional immigration studies. Immigration Research for a New Century demonstrates how sociology, anthropology, history, political science, economics, and other disciplines intersect to answer questions about today's immigrants. In Part I, leading scholars examine the emergence of an interdisciplinary body of work that incorporates such topics as the social construction of race, the importance of ethnic self-help and economic niches, the influence of migrant-homeland ties, and the types of solidarity and conflict found among migrant populations. The authors also explore the social and national origins of immigration scholars themselves, many of whom cameof age in an era of civil rights and ethnic reaffirmation, and may also be immigrants or children of immigrants. Together these essays demonstrate how social change, new patterns of immigration, and the scholars' personal backgrounds have altered the scope and emphases of the research literature, allowing scholars to ask new questions and to see old problems in new ways. Part II contains the work of anew generation of immigrant scholars, reflecting the scope of a field bolstered by different disciplinary styles. These essays explore the complex variety of the immigrant experience, ranging from itinerant farmworkers to Silicon Valley engineers. The demands ofthe American labor force, ethnic, racial, and gender stereotyping, and state regulation are all shown to play important roles in the economic adaptation of immigrants. The ways in which immigrants participate politically, their relationships among themselves, their attitudes toward naturalization and citizenship, and their own sense of cultural identity are also addressed. Immigration Research for a New Century examines the complex effects that immigration has had not only on American society but on scholarship itself, and offers the fresh insights of a new generation of immigration researchers. NANCY FONER is professor of anthropology at the State University of New York, Purchase. RUBÉN G. RUMBAUT is professor of sociology at Michigan State University. STEVEN J. GOLD is professor and associate chair in the Department of Sociology at Michigan State University. CONTRIBUTORS: Steven J. Gold, Rafael Alarcon, Nancy C. Carnevale, Catherine Ceniza Choy, Josh DeWind, Ingrid Gould Ellen, Herbert J. Gans, Greta Gilbertson, Jennifer S. Hirsch, Jon D. Holtzman, Jane Junn, Kathy A. Kaufman, Fred Krissman, Gallya Lahav, Jennifer Lee, Peggy Levitt, Howard Markel, Gaspar Rivera-Salgado, George J. Sanchez, Audrey Singer, Alexandra Minna Stern, Ayumi Takemaka, Mary C. Waters, Steven S. Zahniser, Aristide R. Zolberg.

Impairments in basic cognitive processes such as attention and working memory are commonly observed in people with schizophrenia and are predictive of long-term outcome. In this review, we describe a new theory—the hyperfocusing hypothesis—which provides a unified account of many aspects of impaired cognition in schizophrenia. This hypothesis proposes that schizophrenia involves an abnormally narrow but intense focusing of processing resources. This hyperfocusing impairs the ability of people with schizophrenia to distribute attention among multiple locations, decreases the number of representations that can simultaneously be maintained in working memory, and causes attention to be abnormally captured by irrelevant inputs that share features with active representations. Evidence supporting the hyperfocusing hypothesis comes from a variety of laboratory tasks and from both behavioral and electrophysiological measures of processing. In many of these tasks, people with schizophrenia exhibit supranormal effects of task manipulations, which cannot be explained by a generalized cognitive deficit or by nonspecific factors such as reduced motivation or poor task comprehension. In addition, the degree of hyperfocusing in these tasks is often correlated with the degree of impairment in measures of broad cognitive function, which are known to be related to long-term outcome. Thus, the mechanisms underlying hyperfocusing may be a good target for new treatments targeting cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

Recent evidence suggests that schizophrenia involves hyperfocusing, an unusually narrow but intense focusing of processing resources. This appears to contradict the classic idea that schizophrenia involves an impairment in the ability to focus on relevant information and filter irrelevant information. Here, we review one set of studies suggesting that attentional filtering is impaired in people with schizophrenia and another set of studies suggesting that attentional filtering is unimpaired or even enhanced in these individuals. Considerable evidence supports both conclusions, and we propose 3 potential ways of reconciling the conflicting evidence. First, impaired attentional filtering may occur primarily during periods of active psychosis, with hyperfocusing being a part of the broad pattern of cognitive impairment that persists independent of the level of positive symptoms. Second, schizophrenia may involve hyperfocusing in the visual modality and impaired attentional filtering in the auditory modality. Third, attention may be directed toward irrelevant inputs as a result of impaired executive control, and hyperfocusing on those inputs may be functionally equivalent to a failure of attentional filtering. Given the widespread clinical observations and first-person reports of impaired attentional filtering in schizophrenia, it will be important for future research to test these possibilities.

Working memory (WM) has been a central focus of cognitive neuroscience research because WM is a resource that is involved in many different cognitive operations. The goal of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of WM paradigms developed in the basic cognitive neuroscience literature, including methods designed to estimate storage capacity without contamination by lapses of attention. A total of 61 people with schizophrenia, 49 with schizoaffective disorder, 47 with bipolar disorder with psychosis, and 59 healthy volunteers were recruited. Participants received multiple WM tasks, including two versions each of a multiple Change Detection paradigm, a visual Change Localization paradigm, and a Running Span task. Healthy volunteers performed better than the combined patient group on the visual Change Localization and running span measures. The multiple Change Detection tasks provided mixed evidence about WM capacity reduction in the patient groups, but a mathematical model of performance suggested that the patient groups differed from controls in their rate of attention lapsing. The 3 patient groups performed similarly on the WM tasks. Capacity estimates from the Change Detection and Localization tasks showed significant correlations with functional capacity and functional outcome. The patient groups generally performed in a similarly impaired fashion across tasks, suggesting that WM impairment and attention lapsing are general features of psychotic disorders. Capacity estimates from the Change Localization and Detection tasks were related to functional capacity and outcome, suggesting that these methods may be useful in a clinical context.

Negative symptoms are a key feature of several psychiatric disorders. Difficulty identifying common neurobiological mechanisms that cut across diagnostic boundaries might result from equifinality (i.e., multiple mechanistic pathways to the same clinical profile), both within and across disorders. This study used a data-driven approach to identify unique subgroups of participants with distinct reward processing profiles to determine which profiles predicted negative symptoms. Participants were a transdiagnostic sample of youth from a multisite study of psychosis risk, including 110 individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR; meeting psychosis-risk syndrome criteria), 88 help-seeking participants who failed to meet CHR criteria and/or who presented with other psychiatric diagnoses, and a reference group of 66 healthy controls. Participants completed clinical interviews and behavioral tasks assessing four reward processing constructs indexed by the RDoC Positive Valence Systems: hedonic reactivity, reinforcement learning, value representation, and effort-cost computation. -means cluster analysis of clinical participants identified three subgroups with distinct reward processing profiles, primarily characterized by: a value representation deficit (54%), a generalized reward processing deficit (17%), and a hedonic reactivity deficit (29%). Clusters did not differ in rates of clinical group membership or psychiatric diagnoses. Elevated negative symptoms were only present in the generalized deficit cluster, which also displayed greater functional impairment and higher psychosis conversion probability scores. Contrary to the equifinality hypothesis, results suggested one global reward processing deficit pathway to negative symptoms independent of diagnostic classification. Assessment of reward processing profiles may have utility for individualized clinical prediction and treatment.

The current study investigated the extent to which changes in attentional control contribute to performance on a visual perceptual discrimination task, on a trial-by-trial basis in a transdiagnostic clinical sample. Participants with schizophrenia (SZ; N = 58), bipolar disorder (N = 42), major depression disorder (N = 51), and psychiatrically healthy controls (N = 92) completed a visual perception task in which stimuli appeared briefly. The design allowed us to estimate the lapse rate and the precision of perceptual representations of the stimuli. Electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded to examine pre-stimulus activity in the alpha band (8-13 Hz), overall and in relation to behavior performance on the task. We found that the attention lapse rate was elevated in the SZ group compared with all other groups. We also observed group differences in pre-stimulus alpha activity, with control participants showing the highest levels of pre-stimulus alpha when averaging across trials. However, trial-by-trial analyses showed within-participant fluctuations in pre-stimulus alpha activity significantly predicted the likelihood of making an error, in all groups. Interestingly, our analysis demonstrated that aperiodic contributions to the EEG signal (which affect power estimates across frequency bands) serve as a significant predictor of behavior as well. These results confirm the elevated attention lapse rate that has been observed in SZ, validate pre-stimulus EEG markers of attentional control and their use as a predictor of behavior on a trial-by-trial basis, and suggest that aperiodic contributions to the EEG signal are an important target for further research in this area, in addition to alpha-band activity.

People with schizophrenia demonstrate impairments in selective attention, working memory, and executive function. Given the overlap in these constructs, it is unclear if these represent distinct impairments or different manifestations of one higher-order impairment. To examine this question, we administered tasks from the basic cognitive neuroscience literature to measure visual selective attention, working memory capacity, and executive function in 126 people with schizophrenia and 122 healthy volunteers. Patients demonstrated deficits on all tasks with the exception of selective attention guided by strong bottom-up inputs. Although the measures of top-down control of selective attention, working memory, and executive function were all intercorrelated, several sources of evidence indicate that working memory and executive function are separate sources of variance. Specifically, both working memory and executive function independently contributed to the discrimination of group status and independently accounted for variance in overall general cognitive ability as assessed by the MATRICS battery. These two cognitive functions appear to be separable features of the cognitive impairments observed in schizophrenia.