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Microsecond (μs) time-resolved extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) has been developed using an energy-dispersive EXAFS (EDE) setup equipped with a silicon Quantum Detector ULTRA. The feasibility was investigated with a prototypical thermally driven redox reaction, the thermal decomposition of (NH 4 ) 2 [PtCl 6 ]. EXAFS data were collected with snapshots every 60 μs during the course of the thermolysis reaction, then averaged for 100 times along the reaction to get better signal to noise ratio which reduces the time resolution to 6 millisecond (ms). Our results provide direct structural evidence of cis-PtCl 2 (NH 3 ) 2 as the intermediate, together with continuous electronic and geometric structure dynamics of the reactant, intermediate and final product during the course of the thermolysis of (NH 4 ) 2 [PtCl 6 ]. The thermal effect on EXAFS signals at high temperatures is considered in the data analysis, which is essential to follow the reaction process correctly. This method could also be applied to other reaction dynamics.

Microsecond (μs) time-resolved extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) has been developed using an energy-dispersive EXAFS (EDE) setup equipped with a silicon Quantum Detector ULTRA. The feasibility was investigated with a prototypical thermally driven redox reaction, the thermal decomposition of (NH₄)₂[PtCl₆]. EXAFS data were collected with snapshots every 60 μs during the course of the thermolysis reaction, then averaged for 100 times along the reaction to get better signal to noise ratio which reduces the time resolution to 6 millisecond (ms). Our results provide direct structural evidence of cis-PtCl₂(NH₃)₂ as the intermediate, together with continuous electronic and geometric structure dynamics of the reactant, intermediate and final product during the course of the thermolysis of ((NH₄)₂[PtCl₆]. The thermal effect on EXAFS signals at high temperatures is considered in the data analysis, which is essential to follow the reaction process correctly. This method could also be applied to other reaction dynamics.Microsecond (μs) time-resolved extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) has been developed using an energy-dispersive EXAFS (EDE) setup equipped with a silicon Quantum Detector ULTRA. The feasibility was investigated with a prototypical thermally driven redox reaction, the thermal decomposition of (NH₄)₂[PtCl₆]. EXAFS data were collected with snapshots every 60 μs during the course of the thermolysis reaction, then averaged for 100 times along the reaction to get better signal to noise ratio which reduces the time resolution to 6 millisecond (ms). Our results provide direct structural evidence of cis-PtCl₂(NH₃)₂ as the intermediate, together with continuous electronic and geometric structure dynamics of the reactant, intermediate and final product during the course of the thermolysis of ((NH₄)₂[PtCl₆]. The thermal effect on EXAFS signals at high temperatures is considered in the data analysis, which is essential to follow the reaction process correctly. This method could also be applied to other reaction dynamics.

Genes encoding maize seed storage proteins, zeins, are expressed in developing endosperm tissue. To determine whether the DNA sequences controlling the developmental expression of these genes are recognized in dicots, we introduced a gene encoding a Mr 19,000 zein protein into petunia by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. Southern blot analysis of DNA from regenerated transgenic plants showed that between 1 and 12 copies of the zein gene were integrated at various locations in the petunia genome. S1 nuclease mapping with 5′ and 3′ probes for zein mRNA showed that transcription of the gene was correctly initiated and terminated in seeds of the transgenic plants. The mRNA was first detected in petunia seeds 10 days after pollination and disappeared 17 days after pollination. However, only small amounts of zein transcripts were synthesized and protein could not be detected at any stage of development. We also found low levels of zein mRNA in leaves, stems, and flowers of the transgenic plants, suggesting that DNA sequences responsible for developmental regulation are not readily recognized in petunia plants.