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The High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) provides an opportunity for a pioneering physics program to harness an integrated luminosity of 4000 fb−1 of ten years of operations. This large volume of collision data will help in high precision measurements of the Standard Model (SM) and the search for new and rare physics phenomena. The harsh environment of 200 proton–proton interactions poses a substantial challenge in the collection of these large datasets. The HL-LHC CMS Level-1 (L1) trigger, including the calorimeter trigger, will receive a massive upgrade to tackle the challenge of a high-bandwidth and high pileup environment. The L1 trigger is planned to handle a very high bandwidth (∼63 Tb/s) with an output rate of 750 kHz, and the desired latency budget is 12.5 μs. The calorimeter trigger aims to process the high-granular information from the new end-cap detector called the high-granularity calorimeter (HGCAL) and the barrel calorimeter. The HL-LHC trigger prototyped boards are equipped with large modern-day FPGAs and high-speed optical links (∼28 Gb/s), which helps in the parallel and rapid computation of the calorimeter trigger algorithms. This article discusses the proposed design and expected performance of the upgraded CMS Level-1 calorimeter trigger system.

We present the current status of the MATHUSLA (MAssive Timing Hodoscope for Ultra-Stable neutraL pArticles) long-lived particle (LLP) detector at the HL-LHC, covering the design, fabrication and installation at CERN Point 5. MATHUSLA40 is a 40 m-scale detector with an air-filled decay volume that is instrumented with scintillator tracking detectors, to be located near CMS. Its large size, close proximity to the CMS interaction point and about 100 m of rock shielding from LHC backgrounds allows it to detect LLP production rates and lifetimes that are one to two orders of magnitude beyond the ultimate reach of the LHC main detectors. This provides unique sensitivity to many LLP signals that are highly theoretically motivated, due to their connection to the hierarchy problem, the nature of dark matter, and baryogenesis. Data taking is projected to commence with the start of HL-LHC operations. We summarize the new 40m design for the detector that was recently presented in the MATHUSLA Conceptual Design Report, alongside new realistic background and signal simulations that demonstrate high efficiency for the main target LLP signals in a background-free HL-LHC search. We argue that MATHUSLA's uniquely robust expansion of the HL-LHC physics reach is a crucial ingredient in CERN's mission to search for new physics and characterize the Higgs boson with precision.

We present the Conceptual Design Report (CDR) for the MATHUSLA (MAssive Timing Hodoscope for Ultra-Stable neutraL pArticles) long-lived particle detector at the HL-LHC, covering the design, fabrication and installation at CERN Point 5. MATHUSLA is a 40 m-scale detector with an air-filled decay volume that is instrumented with scintillator tracking detectors, to be located near CMS. Its large size, close proximity to the CMS interaction point and about 100 m of rock shielding from HL-LHC backgrounds allows it to detect LLP production rates and lifetimes that are one to two orders of magnitude beyond the ultimate sensitivity of the HL-LHC main detectors for many highly motivated LLP signals. Data taking is projected to commence with the start of HL-LHC operations. We present a new 40m design for the detector: its individual scintillator bars and wavelength-shifting fibers, their organization into tracking layers, tracking modules, tower modules and the veto detector; define a high-level design for the supporting electronics, DAQ and trigger system, including supplying a hardware trigger signal to CMS to record the LLP production event; outline computing systems, civil engineering and safety considerations; and present preliminary cost estimates and timelines for the project. We also conduct detailed simulation studies of the important cosmic ray and HL-LHC muon backgrounds, implementing full track/vertex reconstruction and background rejection, to ultimately demonstrate high signal efficiency and \\(\\ll 1\\) background event in realistic LLP searches for the main physics targets at MATHUSLA. This sensitivity is robust with respect to detector design or background simulation details. Appendices provide various supplemental information.

Results are presented from a search for new physics in the final state containing a photon and missing transverse energy. The data corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb\\(^{-1}\\) collected in pp collisions at \\(\\sqrt{s}\\)= 7 TeV by the CMS experiment. The observed event yield agrees with standard model expectations. Using models for the production of dark matter particles(\\(\\chi\\)), we set 90\\(% confidence level (C.L.) upper limits of 13.6-15.4 fb on \\)\\chi\\( production in the \\)\\gamma\\(+ \\)\\met\\( state. These provide the most sensitive upper limits for spin-dependent \\)\\chi\\(-nucleon scattering for \\c{hi} masses between 1 and 100 GeV. For spin dependent contributions, the present limits are extended to M(\\)\\chi\\() \\)<$ 3.5 GeV. For ADD models with 3-6 large extra dimensions, our data exclude extra-dimensional Planck scales between 1.64 and 1.73 TeV at 95% C.L.

We report on recent progress and next steps in the design of the proposed MATHUSLA Long Lived Particle (LLP) detector for the HL-LHC as part of the Snowmass 2021 process. Our understanding of backgrounds has greatly improved, aided by detailed simulation studies, and significant R&D has been performed on designing the scintillator detectors and understanding their performance. The collaboration is on track to complete a Technical Design Report, and there are many opportunities for interested new members to contribute towards the goal of designing and constructing MATHUSLA in time for HL-LHC collisions, which would increase the sensitivity to a large variety of highly motivated LLP signals by orders of magnitude.

We report on recent progress in the design of the proposed MATHUSLA Long Lived Particle (LLP) detector for the HL-LHC, updating the information in the original Letter of Intent (LoI), see CDS:LHCC-I-031, arXiv:1811.00927. A suitable site has been identified at LHC Point 5 that is closer to the CMS Interaction Point (IP) than assumed in the LoI. The decay volume has been increased from 20 m to 25 m in height. Engineering studies have been made in order to locate much of the decay volume below ground, bringing the detector even closer to the IP. With these changes, a 100 m x 100 m detector has the same physics reach for large c\\(\\tau\\) as the 200 m x 200 m detector described in the LoI and other studies. The performance for small c\\(\\tau\\) is improved because of the proximity to the IP. Detector technology has also evolved while retaining the strip-like sensor geometry in Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) described in the LoI. The present design uses extruded scintillator bars read out using wavelength shifting fibers and silicon photomultipliers (SiPM). Operations will be simpler and more robust with much lower operating voltages and without the use of greenhouse gases. Manufacturing is straightforward and should result in cost savings. Understanding of backgrounds has also significantly advanced, thanks to new simulation studies and measurements taken at the MATHUSLA test stand operating above ATLAS in 2018. We discuss next steps for the MATHUSLA collaboration, and identify areas where new members can make particularly important contributions.

The prevalence of anaemia has been well studied particularly on etiology of nutritional anaemia in children of age group 5-10.9 yr in India. The present study was carried out to find out the prevalence and etiology of nutritional anaemia among 5 to 10.9 yr old corporation school children from urban slums. Urban Delhi slums were divided into four areas and one corporation school from each area was randomly selected. A total of 406 children from 4 each school were randomly selected over a period of one yr and prevalence of anaemia was estimated. Another subset of 95 anaemic children admitted to the hospital during the same period were evaluated for the etiology of nutritional anaemia. Prevalence of anaemia as judged by WHO recommended cut-off values of haemoglobin among these children was 41.8 per cent. Pure or mixed iron deficiency anaemia was the commonest type of anaemia noted in 68.42 per cent (65 of 95) children followed by pure or mixed B12 deficiency noticed in 28.42 per cent (27 of 95) anaemic children. Of the pure variety, iron deficiency was the commonest cause occurring in 41.05 per cent (39 of 95) children. Childhood anaemia continues to be a significant public health problem in school children aged 5 to 10.9 yr and iron deficiency either alone or in combination is the commonest nutritional cause of anaemia. Pure or mixed vitamin B12 deficiency is an important but yet not commonly recognized cause of anaemia among these children.