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The airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has the advantages of high-precision real-time observation of wave height variations and portability in the high frequency band, such as the Ku band. In view of the Four Fast Fourier Transform (4-FFT) algorithm, combined with a Gaussian operator, a Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) Phase Unwrapping (PU) expression was derived. Then, an Adaptive LoG (ALoG) algorithm was proposed based on adaptive variance, further optimizing the algorithm through iteration. Building the models of Kelvin wake on the sea surface and height to phase, the interferometric phase of wave height can be simulated. These PU algorithms were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) scores of the ALoG iteration (ALoGI) algorithm are the best under the tested noise levels of the simulation. Through a simulation experiment, it has been proven that the superiority of the ALoGI algorithm in high spatial resolution inversion for the sea-ship surface height of the Kelvin wake, with good stability and noise resistance.

This study aimed to explore the prevalence and influencing factors of anemia in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) using real-world data and to construct a predictive model for anemia in AS. In November 2023, we accessed the database from China Rheumatoid Arthritis Registry of Patients with Chinese Medicine (CERTAIN). Clinical data of AS collected from the CERTAIN between March 2022 and September 2023 were analyzed. Demographic information, clinical assessment scales, and laboratory test results of the patients were collected. According to the anemia diagnostic criteria established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018, patients were divided into anemia group and non-anemia group. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 software, including χ2 tests, independent sample t-tests to compare differences between the two groups, and multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis to explore the influencing factors of anemia in AS. The predictive efficacy of the model was evaluated by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Calibration was assessed through the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, and a calibration curve was plotted to comprehensively evaluate the predictive capability of the model. A total of 251 patients were included in this study, among which 58 cases had anemia (23.1%). There were significant differences in gender, ossification, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicators, and clinical assessment scale results between the two groups (P < 0.05). The results of multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that female gender, underweight, ossification, abnormal CRP and ESR were independent risk factors for anemia in AS (P < 0.05). Based on the results of multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis, a predictive model for anemia in AS was established as Logit(P) = -5.02 + 2.041 × gender -1.11 × BMI(body mass index) category + 1.103 × ossification category + 0.942 × CRP category + 1.476 × ESR category. The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of the model for predicting anemia in AS was 0.857 (95% CI: 0.808 ~ 0.906). The Omnibus test of model coefficients yielded χ2 = 85.265, P < 0.001. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed χ2 = 7.005, P = 0.536 (P > 0.05). Analysis of real-world AS diagnosis and treatment data showed that the prevalence of anemia in Chinese AS was 23.1%. The occurrence of anemia was closely related to female gender, underweight, ossification, and abnormal CRP and ESR. The logistic model constructed based on these indicators for predicting the risk of anemia in AS demonstrated good efficacy.

This paper investigates the data-driven event-triggering control of discrete time-delay systems. When there is enough data available, the system parameters can be determined by identified methods, and the model-based controller design can be implemented. However, with little data, this method does not result in an accurate system. The data-driven control method is introduced to address this issue. This paper classifies discrete-time systems with time delays into those with known delays and those with unknown delays. Controllers for systems with known delays and unknown delays are designed based on limited data, and stability is ensured by constructing improved Lyapunov functions. Two analyses are introduced: For the known delay condition, the lifting model method is presented to raise order and change the time-delay system to a delay-free system. Further, the stabilization criterion is presented. For the unknown time-delay system, according to the basic data-driven assumption, the data-driven stabilization criterion is presented. Also, the introduction of a dynamic event-triggering scheme and the discussion in this paper on how its parameters can be chosen can save more computational resources. Based on the two methods, the Lyapunov function is constructed separately, and the controller is derived through Linear Matrix Inequality. Finally, a discrete time-delay system is used as an example to show the effectiveness of these two methods. In addition, the dynamic event-triggering scheme proposed in this paper is compared with other articles to show that the parameter selection method proposed in this paper has better performance.

Microwave camera provides 3-D high-resolution radar images at video frame rates, enabling the capture of dynamic target features. Multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) array-based 3-D radar imaging system requires fewer antennas, which effectively reduces hardware costs. Due to the limited computational resources of the miniaturized MIMO microwave camera, real-time processing of a large amount of 3-D echo data requires an imaging algorithm that has both real-time performance and large output spatial extent. This paper presents the limited output spatial extent and spatial aliasing in existing MIMO wavenumber domain algorithms through theoretical derivation and simulation. To suppress aliasing while expanding the output spatial extent, an optimization approach for the wavenumber domain algorithms is proposed. The improved wavenumber domain algorithms divide the target area into multiple sub-blocks, and a broader range of imaging results is obtained through independent imaging of the sub-blocks and a spatial aliasing suppression filter. Simulation results show that the improved wavenumber domain algorithms effectively suppress the aliasing energy of each sub-block while maintaining the advantage of low time complexity. Expansion of output spatial extent in existing MIMO wavenumber domain algorithms is achieved.

The paper introduces a numerical simulation method for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging of submerged body wakes by integrating hydrodynamics, electromagnetic scattering, and SAR imaging simulation. This work is helpful for better understanding SAR images of submerged body wakes. Among these, the hydrodynamic model consists of two sets of ocean dynamics closely related to SAR imaging, namely the wake of the submerged body and wind waves. For the wake, we simulated it using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical methods. Furthermore, we compared and computed the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of wakes under various navigation parameters and sea surface conditions. Following that, based on the operational principles and imaging theory of synthetic aperture radar (SAR), we established the SAR raw echo signal of the wake. Employing a Range-Doppler (RD) algorithm, we generated simulated SAR images of the wake. The results indicate that utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical methods enables the simulation of wake characteristics generated by the motion of a submerged body with different velocities. The backscattering features of wakes are closely associated with the relative orientation between the wake and the radar line of sight. Under specific wind speeds, the wake gets masked within the sea surface background, resulting in less discernible characteristics of the wake in SAR images. This suggests that at lower speeds of submerged body or under specific wind conditions, the detectability of the wake in SAR images significantly diminishes.

[...]if possible, randomizing patients with PD into three groups might be a better study method. [...]we suggest that the authors should more clearly describe or define the patients with specific diseases that need to be excluded. During the exercising of WQX, the cooperation between action and breath is the very key, rather than being a simple action imitation. [...]the initial WQX exercise needs to be carried out under the guidance of the professionals, and the cognition of patients necessitates being normal or close to the normal level.

Objective Zinc deficiency is common in patients with liver cirrhosis, and the effects of zinc supplementation on cirrhosis remain controversial. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of zinc supplementation in the clinical treatment of cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Ovid, and Web of Science databases were searched with a cutoff date of March 2025. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of zinc supplementation in the treatment of liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy was performed using RevMan5.4 and StataMP17 software. Results Seven studies comprising 338 patients with cirrhosis (172 patients in the treatment group and 166 patients in the control group) were included. Results indicated that zinc supplementation slightly increased serum albumin levels compared with those of the control group (WMD=0.07, 95% CI [0.00, 0.14], P=0.04). In particular, zinc supplementation dose of <50 mg and time of ≥16 weeks showed a slight advantage. Zinc supplementation also improved（alanine aminotransferase）ALT content (WMD=−8.83, 95% CI [−15.47, −2.19], P =0.009), reduced blood ammonia levels (WMD=−5.92, 95% CI [−10.52, −1.32], P =0.01), and shortened the NCT - A time (WMD = 7.31, 95% CI [-9.52, -5.09], P < 0.001). Conclusion Zinc supplementation may modestly improve nutritional parameters, hepatic function, and reduce the risk of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. However, some outcomes demonstrated limited clinical significance, and further research is needed to determine the optimal dosage and duration of zinc supplementation.

It is difficult to adjust the pH of oil acidized wastewater rich in Ca2+, thus hindering the polyacrylamide (PAM) flocculation. This study aims at accelerating the flocculation process by introducing CO2 into the water to induce the formation of CaCO3 nuclei. The order in which CO2 and NaOH were added affected the floc structures. Compared with CO2-NaOH-PAM, the flocs of NaOH-CO2-PAM were more compact and more CaCO3 crystals were formed. The aqueous Ca2+ involved in the reaction reached 20%, and CO2 utilization was enhanced. The settling time was shortened by half (from 20 to 3 min), and NaOH consumption was reduced by one-tenth (from 0.03 to 0.003 mol), hence significantly reducing the costs. Due to the higher settling rate and shorter contact time, the NaOH-CO2-PAM flocs adsorbed less so that the residual oil was 124 mg·L−1, while in the case of CO2-NaOH-PAM it was 88 mg·L−1. As a promising coagulation aid, CO2 can also be used to mineralize pollutants in wastewater.

At an ecosystem level, stand age has a significant influence on carbon storage (CS). Dragon spruce ( Picea asperata Mast.) situated along the upper reaches of the Bailongjiang River in northwest China were categorized into three age classes (29–32 years, Y 1 ; 34–39 years, Y 2 ; 40–46 years, Y 3 ), and age-related differences in total carbon storage (TCS) of the forest ecosystem were investigated for the first time. Results showed that TCS for the Y 1 , Y 2 , and the Y 3 age groups were 323.64, 240.66 and 174.60 Mg ha −1 , respectively. The average TCS of the three age groups was 255.65 Mg C ha −1 , with above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, and soil in the top 0.6 m contributing 15.0%, 3.7%, 12.1%, and 69.2%, respectively. CS in soil and TCS of the Y 1 age group both significantly exceeded those of the Y 3 age group ( P  < 0.05). Contrary to other recent findings, the present study supports the hypothesis that TCS is likely to decrease as stand age increases. This indicates that natural resource managers should rejuvenate forests by routinely thinning older stands, thereby not only achieving vegetation restoration, but also allowing these stands to create a long-term carbon sink for this important eco-region.

Background This study systematically analyzes the research landscape of lung cancer and pulmonary microbiota from 2015 to 2024 using bibliometric methods. Methods The Web of Science Core Collection provided data analyzed to uncover key contributors, pivotal research hotspots, and evolving trends. Results Results revealed a significant shift in focus from infections and inflammation to immunotherapy, microbial biomarkers, and immune response modulation, reflecting interplay between pulmonary microbiota and immune regulation in tumorigenesis. Major contributors, including China and the United States, along with leading journals, have driven progress in this interdisciplinary field, highlighting microbial imbalance's involvement in tumorigenesis and immune modulation. The findings underscore the potential of pulmonary microbiota as therapeutic targets and immune modulators, particularly for improving immunotherapy outcomes. Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive overview of the field, offering insights into its current status and future directions, and establishes a foundation for further exploration of personalized medicine and immune-centered therapies.