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BASE jumping is considered to be among the most dangerous sporting activities in the world. Individuals involved in this activity jump off of four different types of fixed objects that include buildings, antennas, spans (e.g., bridges), and edges (e.g., cliffs). There are many similarities between skydiving and BASE jumping, but there are distinct differences that force BASE jumpers to deal with more hazards in less time resulting in a much smaller margin of error necessary to make a successful jump. Although there is a high risk of injury and death compared to more traditional sports, no studies have examined how these extreme sport participants perceive pain. A total of 134 BASE jumpers were categorized on the basis of experience (low, medium, high) and completed the Sports Inventory for Pain (Meyers, Bourgeois, Stewart, & LeUnes, 1992) that measured six dimensions of pain coping styles. Multivariate analyses revealed significant differences on five of the six dimensions. In each significant finding, there was a similar pattern such that experienced BASE jumpers used more conservative pain coping styles than inexperienced participants as conceptualized by the instrument. It is argued that more conservative responses among experienced jumpers are associated with a greater awareness of the risk factors involved in BASE jumping and a higher level of self-preservation.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the most complete food crops and has fed people and livestock since its domestication. Soybean androgenesis has been a challenging process yet to be advanced significantly. There have been minor advances, e.g., reports of a 2% induction rate in anther culture, formation of roots, rare shoots, but few plantlets and these did not survive to maturity. This research attempted to identify pyramidal Stressors (the combination of temperature shock and incubation conditions) for soybean androgenesis using anther cultures. The results across genotypes Jack, Thorne, Williams 82 and IAS-5 indicated that androgenesis can be stimulated up to 9 to 12% induction frequency by the use of 10°C day/8°C night for 3 d then 4°C overnight dark pretreatment of donor plants, a series of incubation temperatures from 11°C to 18°C to 25°C, and nitrogen starvation medium. The adaptation of the anther culture protocol for isolated microspore cultures of IAS-5 and Embrapa-1 resulted in more than 90% of culture replicates (ave. 4 × 10⁵ microspores mL⁻¹, 500 µL per replicate) exhibiting sustained cell divisions with complex multicellular structures, including formation of one or more putative embryos. These results are a promising step towards the use of microspore cultures for soybean androgenesis, and a possible route to doubled haploid breeding for soybean.