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A review of modern works on the creation of biotechnological processes using cells immobilized on different carriers is presented. General material requirements are given for for immobilization mainly performed by absorption and mechanical fixation methods. The results of studies on cell immobilization are considered, and an analysis of the materials and methods used is given. Some potential and active applications of systems with immobilized cells for biotechnological productions are described. A review of possible variants of technological solutions for bioreactors loaded by carriers with immobilized cells is also presented. It was demonstrated that the use of such a load allows constructive bioreactor solutions of significantly more efficient.

A review of current work in biodiesel production via enzymatic catalysis has been done. The parameters of the process as determined by laboratories are represented and analyzed. The main factors affecting interesterification are considered. The major types of oils and alcohols used in biodiesel synthesis are listed. The means of lipase enzyme immobilization, including exposure on the cell surface, are discussed.

The information content of EEG recordings, which are widely used and important for assessing the functional activity of the brain, is significantly increased by the use of mathematical analysis, where an important place is occupied by the spatial synchronization characteristic, i.e., the functional connectivity of biopotentials (based on correlation and coherence analysis, phase synchronization, etc.). The success of neuroimaging methods in recent years has not only confirmed the significance of this indicator, but has also contributed to improvements in approaches to its statistical evaluation and visualization. Graph theory (GT) is a promising method for analyzing the neural network organization of the brain. Its advantages are that it provides a visual description of the entire structure of the network and its individual components, as well as defining the relationships between them. The purpose of this review is to present approaches to the application of graph theory and the potentials of this method based on the analysis of published data. We present general information on the areas of application of GT, address the most common and informative metrics, and provide recommendations for selecting software. Modifications of GT analysis of the EEG are described: without primary localization of the generation sources of EEG components and with their localization. Examples of the effective use of graph theory analysis of the electroencephalogram of the healthy and diseased brain are given.

The goal of this work is the application of graph analysis for the research of brain network organization during motor tasks (clenching/unclenching the fingers of the right hand). In this approach the brain is considered as a single network (graph), where the nodes are individual leads, and the edges are coherence indicators. The approach allows one to study the processes of segregation (network division into clusters) and integration (network unification) as well as to identify the most highly active nodes in the networks through which the greatest volumes of information transfers. The work revealed that the movement of the right hand is associated with global and local neural network rearrangements, an increase of global network efficiency of the entire brain and left hemisphere separately and the formation of local clusters for processing information in areas, connected with hand movement and in some non-specific ways for the hand movement areas, probably connected with executive functions.

The interdependences between the structure of fatty acid and biofuel characteristics obtained from these fatty acids were briefly reviewed. The fatty acid compositions of the lipids of yeasts and phototrophic microorganisms were analyzed. The main parameters of the biodiesel (iodine value, cetane number, and kinematic viscosity) that can be made from the lipids of these microorganisms were calculated based on the data and compared to the current standards. The lipids of the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides VKPM Y-3349 were shown to be the most suitable for biofuel production due to the composition and content of fatty acid. The possibilities of a decrease in the prime cost of microbial lipids (along with plant oils) that would make them competitive raw material for biofuel production were considered.

The effect of carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, thermally expanded and pyrolytic graphite) on the bioelectrochemical activity of Gluconobacter oxydans bacterial cells was studied during sorption contact with nanomaterials. For bacterial immobilization, the surface of a working bioelectrode was modified via the application of bacterial suspension in the studied nanomaterial and chitosan. The bioelectrochemical electrode characteristics (the amplitude of generated potential, cyclic volt–ampere characteristics, resistance) were estimated before and in the process of bacterial interaction with ethanol (3-electrode measurement scheme). Modification of the spectral graphite electrode by carbon nanotubes allowed a decrease in the resistance of the charge transfer by 48% and an increase in the oxidation current on cyclic volt—ampere characteristics at a voltage of 200 mV by 21% as compared with nonmodified electrode. The thermally expanded and pyrolytic graphite increased the bioelectrode resistance to 4050 and 8447 Ohm cm 2 , respectively. Mathematical modeling demonstrated that from 75 to 100% of biomaterial (depending on the used nanomaterial) were involved in the process of electricity generation with the selected method of the bacterial immobilization. The use of data obtained during the development of microbial biosensors and electrodes of biofuel cells is discussed.

In this work we are demonstrate results of researches of the hydrogels based on carrageenan and polyvinyl alcohols properties with various nanoparticles Al2O3 and ZrO2 and their application for phototrophic microorganisms Chlorella vulgaris cultivation. X-ray diffraction of samples was carried out. Research on the cultivation of microalgae using the developed hydrogels has also been conducted, and the increase in productivity with the use of gels on average by 20% compared to the control sample has been shown. The highest productivity is observed with concentration 0.5% of ZrO2 nanoparticles. We conclude that using of hydrogels in the developed photobioreactors possess a perspective.

Microbial biofuel cell (BFC) was used as a primary energy source for energy storage system. The converter BQ25504 (Texas Instruments) was applied for transformation of electrical energy from microwatt primary sources. The energy storage operation begins if BFC output voltage was higher or equal to 300 mV. In case of stationary operation it was possible to provide energy storage of BFC output voltage equal to 100 mV. The developed system based on converter enables to increase the initial voltage BFC of 0.5 V to 3.1 V; accumulated energy is stored on the various capacitors. Resulting voltage was stable with application of condensers with capacities from 100 F to 6800 μF. In case of application of 3.1 V and 6800 μF condenser the storage energy was equal to 32.7 mJ. It was enough to provide short time operation of diode L-1154SURDK (2.0 V, 20 mA) and electrical motor M25E-4L (MITSUMI; 3.0 V, 100 mA). Designed system can be applied for energy supply of small electrical devices (for example remote sensors) and autonomous microrobots.

Mathematical modeling of intracellular processes is an actively developing field of study. Different scientific groups use various approaches and principles for the modeling of all range of processes, from single biochemical reactions to cellular metabolism. Each of the approaches used has its advantages and disadvantages and requires different input. This article includes the review and analysis of the modern works in the field. The main approaches to the modeling of intracellular processes are discussed, including flux balance analysis, Petri nets, thermodynamics approaches for systems far from equilibrium, \"black-box\" modeling etc. Also the article involves the analysis of approaches to the structures of mathematical models, organization of links between sub-models and the possibilities of use of various methods while modeling a single metabolic process or a metabolism of a certain microorganism.

In silico predictive software allows assessing the effect of amino acid substitutions on the structure or function of a protein without conducting functional studies. The accuracy of in silico pathogenicity prediction tools has not been previously assessed for variants associated with autosomal recessive deafness 1A (DFNB1A). Here, we identify in silico tools with the most accurate clinical significance predictions for missense variants of the GJB2 (Cx26), GJB6 (Cx30), and GJB3 (Cx31) connexin genes associated with DFNB1A. To evaluate accuracy of selected in silico tools (SIFT, FATHMM, MutationAssessor, PolyPhen-2, CONDEL, MutationTaster, MutPred, Align GVGD, and PROVEAN), we tested nine missense variants with previously confirmed clinical significance in a large cohort of deaf patients and control groups from the Sakha Republic (Eastern Siberia, Russia): Сх26: p.Val27Ile, p.Met34Thr, p.Val37Ile, p.Leu90Pro, p.Glu114Gly, p.Thr123Asn, and p.Val153Ile; Cx30: p.Glu101Lys; Cx31: p.Ala194Thr. We compared the performance of the in silico tools (accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity) by using the missense variants in GJB2 (Cx26), GJB6 (Cx30), and GJB3 (Cx31) genes associated with DFNB1A. The correlation coefficient (r) and coefficient of the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve as alternative quality indicators of the tested programs were used. The resulting ROC curves demonstrated that the largest coefficient of the area under the curve was provided by three programs: SIFT (AUC = 0.833, p = 0.046), PROVEAN (AUC = 0.833, p = 0.046), and MutationAssessor (AUC = 0.833, p = 0.002). The most accurate predictions were given by two tested programs: SIFT and PROVEAN (Ac = 89%, Se = 67%, Sp = 100%, r = 0.75, AUC = 0.833). The results of this study may be applicable for analysis of novel missense variants of the GJB2 (Cx26), GJB6 (Cx30), and GJB3 (Cx31) connexin genes.