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Transcriptome-wide survey divulged a total of 181 ABC transporters in G. glabra which were phylogenetically classified into six subfamilies. Protein–Protein interactions revealed nine putative GgABCBs (-B6, -B14, -B15, -B25, -B26, -B31, -B40, -B42 &-B44) corresponding to five AtABCs orthologs (-B1, -B4, -B11, -B19, &-B21). Significant transcript accumulation of ABCB6 (31.8 folds), - B14 (147.5 folds), - B15 (17 folds), -B25 (19.7 folds), - B26 (18.31 folds), -B31 (61.89 folds), -B40 (1273 folds) and - B42 (51 folds) was observed under the influence of auxin. Auxin transport-specific inhibitor, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, showed its effectiveness only at higher (10 µM) concentration where it down regulated the expression of ABCBs , PINs (PIN FORMED) and TWD1 (TWISTED DWARF 1) genes in shoot tissues, while their expression was seen to enhance in the root tissues. Further, qRT-PCR analysis under various growth conditions ( in-vitro , field and growth chamber), and subjected to abiotic stresses revealed differential expression implicating role of ABCBs in stress management. Seven of the nine genes were shown to be involved in the stress physiology of the plant. GgABCB6 , 15 , 25 and ABCB31 were induced in multiple stresses, while GgABCB26 , 40 & 42 were exclusively triggered under drought stress. No study pertaining to the ABC transporters from G. glabra is available till date. The present investigation will give an insight to auxin transportation which has been found to be associated with plant growth architecture; the knowledge will help to understand the association between auxin transportation and plant responses under the influence of various conditions.

The study reports 147 full-length WRKY genes based on the transcriptome analysis of Glycyrrhiza genus ( G. glabra and G. uralensis ). Additional motifs in G. glabra included DivIVA (GgWRKY20) and SerS Superfamily (GgWRKY21) at the C-terminal, and Coat family motifs (GgWRKY55) at the N-terminal of the proteins, while Exo70 exo cyst complex subunit of 338 amino acid (GuWRKY9) was present at the N-terminal of G. uralensis only. Plant Zn cluster super-family domain (17 WRKYs) and bZIP domain (2 WRKYs) were common between the two species. Based on the number of WRKY domains, sequence alignment and phylogenesis, the study identified GuWRKY27 comprising of 3 WRKY domains in G. uralensis and a new subgroup-IIf (10 members), having novel zinc finger pattern (C-X 4 -C-X 22 -HXH) in G. glabra . Multiple WRKY binding domains (1–11) were identified in the promoter regions of the GgWRKY genes indicating strong interacting network between the WRKY proteins. Tissue-specific expression of 25 GgWRKYs , under normal and treated conditions, revealed 11 of the 18 induction factor triggered response corroborating to response observed in AtWRKYs . The study identified auxin-responsive GgWRKY 55 & GgWRKY 38; GA 3 responsive GgWRKYs 15&59 in roots and GgWRKYs 8, 20, 38, 57 &58 in the shoots of the treated plant. GgWRKYs induced under various stresses included GgWRKY 33 (cold), GgWRKY 4 (senescence), GgWRKYs 2, 28 & 33 (salinity) and GgWRKY 40 (wounding). Overall, 23 GgWRKYs responded to abiotic stress, and 17 WRKYs were induced by hormonal signals. Of them 13 WRKYs responded to both suggesting inter-connection between hormone signalling and stress response. The present study will help in understanding the transcriptional reprogramming, protein-protein interaction and cross-regulation during stress and other physiological processes in the plant.

Abstract Background: Assessing patients' satisfaction is an easy and cost-effective method of evaluating the outpatient services provided by health-care institutions. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine patient satisfaction among patients attending various outpatient departments (OPDs) at a tertiary care hospital and the factors affecting their satisfaction. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending various OPDs at a tertiary care hospital in Faridabad. Exit face-to-face interviews were conducted for 334 patients above 18 years of age who availed OPD services followed by pharmacy services. Information regarding sociodemography, rating of satisfaction with various attributes of OPD services on a 5-point Likert scale, and reasons for dissatisfaction was collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Root cause analysis for the lowest-scoring attribute was done using fishbone diagram. Results: About 64% of the patients were satisfied with the OPD services. \"Attitude and communication of doctors\" was the prime contributor to patient satisfaction. \"Promptness at medicine distribution counter\" was the attribute that scored lowest followed by \"waiting time at the registration counter.\" The mean waiting time for registration was 38.2 min, for consultation with doctor 41.3 min, for collection of samples 49.6 min, and for drug dispensing 61 min. Conclusion: The issues related to pharmacy services need to be promptly acknowledged and addressed.

The enantioselective 1,4-addition reaction of pyrazolin-5-ones to α,β-unsaturated ketones catalyzed by a cinchona alkaloid-derived primary amine–Brønsted acid composite is reported. Both enantiomers of the anticipated pyrazole derivatives were obtained in good to excellent yields (up to 97%) and high enantioselectivities (up to 98.5% ee) under mild reaction conditions. In addition, this protocol was further expanded to synthesize highly enantioenriched hybrid molecules bearing biologically relevant heterocycles.

The study reports a protocol for the regeneration of Glycyrrhiza glabra plantlet from the leaf explant. Notably, the chemical analysis of various developmental stages revealed presence of glycyrrhizin in the underground (7.0–29.8 µg/g) & aerial (7.3–23.4 µg/g) tissues of the in vitro regenerated plants, which was otherwise not detected in the aerial tissues of the field plant. Glycyrrhizin accumulation was reduced or undetected in the regenerated plants transferred to the glasshouse and subsequently under field conditions. Further, spatio-temporal relative gene expression analysis of aerial tissues of in-vitro regenerated G. glabra showed expression of all the known genes committed to glycyrrhizin pathway. In the shoot system, maximum expression of squalene epoxidase (7.9 fold), β-amyrin synthase (21.8 folds), Licorice β-amyrin 11-oxidase (5.9 folds) and UDP-glucosyltransferase (1.7 folds) was observed in different months. However, no expression was detected in the aerial tissues of the field grown plant. Also, a correlation was found between the expression patterns of Licorice β-amyrin 11-oxidase with glycyrrhizin accumulation. This is the first study demonstrating the presence of glycyrrhizin in the aerial tissues of the in-vitro regenerated Glycyrrhiza plant. This study will help in understanding glycyrrhizin regulation, precursor accumulation and their transport. Also, it will unlock the possibilities of understanding and enhancing glycyrrhizin biosynthesis and accumulation in the plant, under in-vitro conditions.

A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 children aged 1–5 years residing in an urban slum to study the extent of malnutrition and its association with common childhood illness(es). The participants were selected using convenient sampling (nonprobability), and the appropriate respondents were interviewed using a structured, semi-open-ended, pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire. The prevalence of undernutrition (weight for age), stunting (height for age), and wasting (weight for height) were calculated at the cutof level of ≤2 standard deviation ( Z -score <-2) of the National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference median values. Data were analyzed using appropriate tests of significance. The mean age of participants was 33.9 ± 13.9 months. The proportion of undernutrition, stunting, and wasting among was found to be 29.2%, 66.8%, and 12.9%, respectively. Respiratory illness (56.9%) was reportedly the most common morbidity among participants. A higher proportion of children who reportedly suffered from viral fever in past 3 months were wasted, and this association was found to be statistically significant ( p = 0.003). The alarming rate of malnutrition reiterates the synergistic relationship between common infections and malnutrition. It is, therefore, imperative to emphasize and strengthen the role of nutritional interventions as outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO) Integrated Management of Childhood Illness as part of case management for infectious diseases among children aged <5 years.

The information on healthcare expenditure is crucial to know the impact of the pandemic on public health budgets, thereby correctly managing the ongoing crisis and preparing for subsequent waves. To estimate the length of stay and cost incurred on COVID-19 patients who died in the ICU. It is a record-based descriptive study conducted on 76 deceased COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU of a dedicated COVID-19 hospital (DCH) between April and October 2020. Central Government Health Services (CGHS) package rate list, Delhi-NCR, was used as a reference for the cost of the ICU bed, ventilator, investigations, and procedures. The median duration of stay in the hospital was 12 days, and in the ICU, it was eight days. The median total cost of managing the patient was 91,235.6 INR; of this, the median total cost for ICU stay per patient was 6,904 INR. The major proportion of total expenses was contributed by personal protective equipment (PPE) kits, an average of 11,091.33 INR per month. The median cost of stay in the ICU, on the ventilator, in the ward, and mean cost of investigations were higher among those with associated co-morbidities. Most elderly male with co-morbidities lost their battle after ventilator support in the ICU. Patients with co-morbidities and severe disease not only have a long duration of hospitalization and poor survival rate but also fetch an economic burden close to one lakh on the institute.

BackgroundSubstance use is a complex condition with multidimensional determinants. The present study aims to find the prevalence and determinants of substance use among young people attending primary healthcare centers in India.MethodsA multicentric cross-sectional study was conducted across 15 states in India on 1,630 young people (10–24 years) attending primary health centers. The Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was used to capture data on substance use. The degree of substance involvement was assessed and multivariate regression analysis was conducted to determine the risk factors of substance use.ResultsThe prevalence of substance use was 32.8%, with a median substance initiation age of 18 years. Among the substance users, 75.5% began before completing adolescence. Tobacco (26.4%), alcohol (26.1%) and cannabis (9.5%) were commonly consumed. Sociodemographic determinants included higher age, male gender, urban residence, positive family history, northeastern state residence and lower socioeconomic class. Over 80% of users had moderate or high involvement.ConclusionsHigh substance use prevalence among young people in Indian healthcare centers underscores the urgency of targeted intervention. Insights on determinants guide effective prevention strategies for this complex public health issue.

INTRODUCTION: Menstruation is a natural phenomenon among women who experience shedding of blood for 1-7 days every month which usually starts between age 11 and 14 years and continues until menopause at about 51 years of age. It is important to maintain menstrual hygiene, as poor practices increase vulnerability to reproductive and urinary tract infections. The present study was conducted with an aim to investigate the impact of focused group discussion (FGD) compared to didactic lectures (DLs) on the menstrual hygiene knowledge and practices. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study was conducted among 649 school girls during January to August 2019 using a convenience sampling technique. After collecting baseline information using a pretested, predesigned, standardized questionnaire, the participants in the control and intervention groups were exposed for the DLs and FGD, respectively, and 1 month after such intervention, the same questionnaire was again self-administered by participants. All tests were performed at a 5% level of significance using SPSS (version 22.0). RESULTS: The baseline characteristics of both the groups such as participants' mean age, mean age of menarche, mother's literacy status, religion, type of family, and socioeconomic status were comparable. There was a difference in the knowledge and practice mean score of participants in the control group for pre- and postintervention, which was highly statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that menstrual hygiene is far from satisfactory among most of the school girls. The DLs and FGD have improved the menstrual hygiene knowledge and practices among school girls.

The recent advancements in sequencing technologies and informatic tools promoted a paradigm shift to decipher the hidden biological mysteries and transformed the biological issues into digital data to express both qualitative and quantitative forms. The transcriptomic approach, in particular, has added new dimensions to the versatile essence of plant genomics through the large and deep transcripts generated in the process. This has enabled the mining of super families from the sequenced plants, both model and non-model, understanding their ancestry, diversity, and evolution. The elucidation of the crystal structure of the WRKY proteins and recent advancement in computational prediction through homology modeling and molecular dynamic simulation has provided an insight into the DNA–protein complex formation, stability, and interaction, thereby giving a new dimension in understanding the WRKY regulation. The present review summarizes the functional aspects of the high volume of sequence data of WRKY transcription factors studied from different species, till date. The review focuses on the dynamics of structural classification and lineage in light of the recent information. Additionally, a comparative analysis approach was incorporated to understand the functions of the identified WRKY transcription factors subjected to abiotic (heat, cold, salinity, senescence, dark, wounding, UV, and carbon starvation) stresses as revealed through various sets of studies on different plant species. The review will be instrumental in understanding the events of evolution and the importance of WRKY TFs under the threat of climate change, considering the new scientific evidences to propose a fresh perspective.