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We applied the multiple hierarchy stratification perspective to examine how access and use of municipal parks and recreation vary based upon the intersections of gender, race/ethnicity, age, income, place of residence, and education. We hierarchically stratified demographic combinations and calculated probabilities for having a park within walking distance, using parks, and participating in recreation programs. Findings demonstrated that as membership in multiple marginalized groups increases, individuals are generally less likely to visit parks and perceive they have a park within walking distance from home. However, program participation did not show a similar trend. Research has repeatedly identified various benefits of parks and recreation, yet disparities by social stratification may be impeding access to those benefits, particularly among those belonging to multiple marginalized groups. To reduce such disparities, park and recreation agencies should focus on increasing engagement among the most underserved groups-individuals with multiple disadvantaged statuses.

The focus of this study was roller-skating on the streets of Guangzhou, China. It examined the relationship between informal leisure activities among young migrant workers and public spaces. Using basic data collected from nonparticipatory observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaire responses, this study investigated how young migrant workers came to understand Guangzhou through roller-skating in public spaces and how roller-skating aided their integration into the city. The study found that when faced with marginalization as roller skaters, the participants adopted a moderate bodily strategy: they constructed their own informal leisure spaces and endowed public spaces with new meanings through embodied practice. As a kind of informal leisure activity, roller-skating came to transform urban streets into meaningful places for young migrant workers to pursue group belongingness; in that way, they established their own identities and constructed a place identity with Guangzhou.

Understanding constraints to participation in recreation and leisure is a common research topic. This article used social identity theory to increase our understanding of leisure constraints, negotiation, motivation, and planned participation. Using a large online sample of ultra-endurance gravel racers (n = 916), this study used structural equation modeling to explore the relationship between social identity and constraints, negotiation, motivation, and planned participation. Similar to previous research, the modeling of constraints provided marginal model fit, and the implications of this continued measurement difficulty are discussed. Social identity had a significant direct relationship with motivations, constraints, and negotiation strategies. Social identity also demonstrated a significant indirect effect on planned participation. These findings suggest that social identity plays a significant role in the constraint negotiation process, as well as leisure participation more broadly.

Parks and recreation provide extensive health, quality of life, and community benefits. Yet their ability to deliver quality services relies on funding and supportive policies--both of which are decided largely by local government officials, both elected and appointed (e.g., town/city manager, town/city council members, mayors, etc.). Given their role as a decision-making stakeholder, it is important to understand local officials' priorities and how well they feel parks and recreation contribute to these. This knowledge will allow for the development of management strategies to better position parks and recreation among officials. This national study (n=648) examined local officials' community priorities relative to their perceptions of parks and recreations' contributions. Officials from various types of local governments (e.g., town, city, county) were asked to indicate how important they believed a variety of priorities were in their communities and the extent to which they felt parks and recreation contributed to these. While officials deemed all community priorities to be important, attracting and retaining businesses, youth development, and quality of life were rated highest. Local officials perceived the greatest contributions from parks and recreation relative to quality of life, youth development, and health. Importance-performance analysis (IPA) with a mean quadrant approach suggested attracting and retaining businesses as an area to concentrate, youth development and quality of life as areas to keep up the good work, and growth management and social equity/social justice as areas of low priority for officials. Gap score analysis revealed the largest deficiencies between importance and performance for attracting and retaining businesses, growth management, youth development, and social equity/social justice. While IPA would suggest increasing efforts only in the concentrate here quadrant, gap analysis demonstrated the need to work to elevate perceptions of park and recreation's performance for additional priorities. Agencies should work to improve actual performance while also more effectively communicating their contributions. For example, to improve perceived performance, agencies should make the explicit connection between quality of life and business/professional location decisions. Additionally, agencies should work to elevate social justice as a priority among officials given its increasing attention in the field of parks and recreation. Addressing the issues that officials value most can help to elevate the status of parks and recreation as a less discretionary service, which in turn could help maintain and increase sources of funding at the local level. Keywords Community priorities, importance-performance analysis, local officials, parks and recreation, policy-makers

The purpose of this study is to extend previous research by combining the specialization and place attachment concepts. Applying a latent profile analysis (LPA) to data from hikers on the Olle Trail of Jeju Island in South Korea (N = 428), we classified hikers who share similar profiles based on multiple dimensions of specialization and place attachment, and examined correlates of the derived typologies for drawing managerial implications. We also explored associations between these typologies and outcome variables of hikers. LPA identified three subgroups: “novice” (38%), “affection-driven” (40%), and “expert” (22%). The findings indicated that these groups differed in their past experience and socio-demographic characteristics, such that the “affection-driven” and “expert” groups have more experience in the setting than the “novice” group. These typologies also showed significant associations with hikers’ satisfaction and revisit intention; thus, “novice” hikers tended to be less satisfied with their hiking and the setting. Furthermore, the “novice” group reported lower intention to revisit the setting. Our findings reveal that LPA can be a useful tool for identifying subgroups of individuals who have engaged in particular sets of strategies by incorporating multiple activity-place dimensions.

In light of reduced public spending on local park and recreation services, corporate sponsorship has received attention as an effective, but potentially controversial, alternative funding strategy. Visitor place attachment may significantly influence the acceptability of specific spending practices of sponsorship revenue. The present study examines the influence of park users' place attachment on the relationship between their attitude toward corporate sponsorship and a recreation agency's specific spending decisions. It was hypothesized that place attachment would moderate the relationship between attitudes toward corporate sponsorship and support for spending revenue on facilities and on programming. Analysis showed that place identity was a significant moderator, strengthening the relationship between attitudes toward sponsorship and spending support for programming. As place identity increased and attitudes toward sponsorship became more positive, support for spending on programming increased concomitantly. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

A multitude of unique year-to-year ecological variations within the Great Lakes basin have been attributed to climate change. These variations include the number and intensity of storms, the volume of water flowing within the watershed, the water quality, the average height of lake levels, and the intensity of waves that strike the coastline (Parry, 2007). Yet, the impact of these changing environmental conditions upon water-based outdoor recreation users remains unclear. While climate change exacerbated environmental conditions are becoming progressively evident to both recreationists and resource managers (NPCA, 2009), few studies have sought to assess the extent to which environmental conditions alter outdoor recreation behaviors. This study examined water-based outdoor recreation visitors' perceptions and coping responses associated with water quality conditions affected by climate change on Lake Erie (n= 284). It used a modified version of the stress-coping model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) to examine the relationships between water quality impact, water quality awareness, and coping. Study results indicated that the more visitors identified water quality as a negative impact on their overall experience, the more aware they were of water quality conditions. Further, the more aware visitors were of water quality conditions, the more they found the need to employ coping responses. From a resource management standpoint, a central concept for maintaining high quality outdoor recreation experiences is the identification of visitor resource perceptions and related impacts (Manning, 2011). Study findings confirmed visitors' perceptions of water quality impacts and awareness resulted in the employment of both cognitive and behavioral coping mechanisms that could be accounted for in future management decisions. From a theoretical perspective, this study took the work of Iwasaki and Schneider (2003), Miller and McCool (2003), Schneider and Hammitt (1995), Schuster et al. (2006), and Propst (2008) to the next logical step in the investigation of environmental conditions and coping within recreational settings. It went beyond determining perceptions of environmental conditions and attempted to determine if the impact and awareness of environmental conditions influenced the employment of coping mechanisms. The relationships provided support for advancing the outdoor recreation coping literature by applying coping as a response to environmental conditions. Keywords Outdoor Recreation, Great Lakes, Water Quality, Coping, Climate Change

Executive Summary Long-distance endurance sports have been dominated by men since their inception, and gravel cycling is no exception. However, one event held annually in Emporia, Kansas--the Dirty Kanza--increased female participation in its signature event, a 200-mile gravel road race, by reserving 200 places for women in the 2017 event and promoting this initiative with a social media hashtag campaign, \"#200women200miles.\" Women historically represented just 10% of participants in the race, despite finishing at similar times and at similar rates as men. To try to increase female participation, event organizers recruited women using a marketing initiative and reserved spaces for them in the race. Given the novel nature of this intentional, inclusive initiative, we wanted to understand women's constraints to participating, as well as which negotiation strategies and which facilitation efforts helped them ultimately compete. We compared men's and women's motivations, constraints, negotiation strategies, and facilitation strategies to help identify marketing efforts that may have improved women's participation, using a post-race survey. With a sample of 916 participants (53% response rate), independent sample t-tests detected differences between men and women in motivations, constraints, negotiation strategies, and facilitation strategies. Women were more constrained--in training and competing--and used more negotiation strategies than men. Women also reported concerns related to safety and training, indicating that more work needs to be done to make other aspects of cycling more inclusive. Despite these challenges, the targeted initiative #200women200miles was successful in filling spots in the 200-mile race, as many women reported that the marketing campaign was a facilitator of their participation. Thus, implications for event organizers include the demonstrated potential for similar strategies to increase participation in other underrepresented groups. If gender equity is desired by event promotors and organizers, explicit efforts to make endurance cycling races welcoming for women is essential. Although some findings confirmed hypotheses, we found that this sample was largely unconstrained, which speaks to the relative affluence and privilege of the sample. Future research should therefore investigate constraints faced by other underrepresented groups, such as those with low incomes or racial and ethnic minorities, to see what facilitation strategies might be employed to continue increasing participation in elite sports. Keywords Constraints, cycling, inclusion, social marketing, women

The purpose of this study is to examine the usefulness of ethnicity as a construct in leisure research. In particular, we are interested in the degree to which presumed ethnic groups exhibit internal cultural homogeneity. In 2002, the visitors to the Angeles National Forest (ANF) near metropolitan Los Angeles were surveyed. Using purposive sampling at sites known to be heavily used by visitors with diverse ethnic backgrounds, we obtained a sample of 444 Anglos, 312 Hispanics, and 319 Asians (overall n = 1,174). We examined whether the three nominal ethnic groups, Anglos, Hispanics, and Asians, were homogeneous in terms of cultural values as measured by Hofstede's (1980) instrument. We assume that if distinctive ethnic subcultures exist then they should be identifiable by specific measures of languages, religion, family structure, cultural values, and the like. We used cultural consensus analyses to test the homogeneity of the three ethnic groups. The results of cultural consensus analyses showed that none of the three ethnic groups and none of the subgroups we examined within the three ethnic groups were homogeneous in terms of the cultural values. Discussion of the findings and research implications are suggested.

Traditional techniques for monitoring and managing visitor flows are expensive and time consuming. This research note presents a novel, cost-effective, and quick method for managers to assess the level of use within their management area. Using free crowdsourced heatmaps provided by Strava, GPS recorded use was georeferenced with existing trail data. By overlaying the designated trail network with actual use, this note presents a method through which managers can quickly see where undesignated use is occurring and how extreme that use may be. Similarly, this method can be used as a first step in the process of deciding where traditional monitoring efforts should be employed. The advantages and limitations of this approach are subsequently discussed. Keywords Crowdsourced data, heatmaps, Strava, undesignated trails, visitor use, visitor use monitoring