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"Graham, Daniel W"
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Explaining the cosmos
Explaining the Cosmosis a major reinterpretation of Greek scientific thought before Socrates. Focusing on the scientific tradition of philosophy, Daniel Graham argues that Presocratic philosophy is not a mere patchwork of different schools and styles of thought. Rather, there is a discernible and unified Ionian tradition that dominates Presocratic debates. Graham rejects the common interpretation of the early Ionians as \"material monists\" and also the view of the later Ionians as desperately trying to save scientific philosophy from Parmenides' criticisms.
In Graham's view, Parmenides plays a constructive role in shaping the scientific debates of the fifth century BC. Accordingly, the history of Presocratic philosophy can be seen not as a series of dialectical failures, but rather as a series of theoretical advances that led to empirical discoveries. Indeed, the Ionian tradition can be seen as the origin of the scientific conception of the world that we still hold today.
eBook
SOCRATES AS A DEONTOLOGIST
[...]there is no strict characterization of teleology or consequentialism that all modem interpreters adhere to.II There is one Socratic dialogue of Plato's that shows Socrates making a selfconscious moral deliberation about his own future action under trying circumstances: the Crito.Because of its narrow focus on one situation, this dialogue provides the best place to observe Socratic moral theory in action.[...]it is not the work of justice to harm people, even enemies who are bad.13 This argument could focus on the issue of introducing more bad than good into the world.[...]I suggest we reject psychological egoism for a view I shall call psychological agathism, namely, that people act to bring about the good simpliciter.
Journal Article
On the Date of Chaerephon's Visit to Delphi
According to Socrates' narration of events in the Apology, (a) his old friend Chaerephon took it upon himself to inquire of the oracle at Delphi if anyone was wiser than Socrates. In the Peace of Nicias that ended the Archidamian War, the very first article, significandy, ensured safe passage \"by land and by sea to all who wish to sacrifice, travel, consult an oracle, or watch athletic competitions\" to the \"common sanctuaries,\" and the second article promised independent governance to Delphi (Thuc. 5.18.1-2).45 Evidendy access to the oracle was one of the main demands of the Athenians after a long interdiction. [...]any solution to the dating of the oracle will need to take into account the problem of access to the oracle during times of war. According to one reading of the inscription LSCG 78, which details the Amphictionic Law of 388 b.c.e., the Pythian games customarily lasted a full calendar year.50 If this were the case, the duration of this truce exceeded that of the other Panhellenic festivals.51 Regardless of the precise length of time allocated, at the occasion of the Delphic games, travelers were guaranteed a safe journey to and from Delphi. There is one possible practical problem for this account. Since the oracle was available for consultation only one day per month, and Delphi was crowded with pilgrims and sports fans around the time of the Pythian games, it would be difficult to get into the queue for the oracle.
Journal Article
On the Date of Chaerephon's Visit to Delphi
When did the oracle at Delphi tell Chaerephon that no one was wiser than Socrates (if at all)? Scholars have defended dates of 431 B.C.E. or earlier, and 421 or later, but these dates do not accord well with events of Socrates' life. We propose a date of 426, during the sacred truce for the Pythian games.
Journal Article
Does Nature Love to Hide? Heraclitus B123 DK
The three-word fragment of Heraclitus is regularly translated in a straightforward manner like the one used by Charles Kahn: Nature loves to hide. Graham argues that despite its popularity, the reading of the fragment by Diels-Kranz is a mistake since the literal translation of the verb loves or the like has been popular among English-language translations.
Journal Article
SOCRATES ON SAMOS
Ion of Chios [says] while he [Socrates] was still young he made a trip to Samos with Archelaus. (Diogenes Laertius 2.23). Most students of Socrates have read over this biographical report many times without taking serious notice of it. But perhaps they have been hasty.
Journal Article
On Philolaus' astronomy
In Philolaus' cosmology, the earth revolves around a central fire along with the other heavenly bodies, including a planet called the counter-earth which orbits below the earth. His theory can account for most astronomical phenomena. A common criticism of his theory since ancient times is that his counter-earth does no work in the system. Yet ancient sources say the planet was supposed to account for some lunar eclipses. A reconstruction of Philolaus' cosmology shows how lunar eclipses occurring at certain times of day cannot be explained by earth blocking the sun's light. The counter-earth could explain these eclipses.
Journal Article