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Spirituals and the birth of a black entertainment industry
In the first book-length treatment of postbellum spirituals in theatrical entertainments, Sandra Jean Graham mines a trove of resources to chart the spiritual's journey from the private lives of slaves to the concert stage. Graham navigates the conflicting agendas of those who, in adapting spirituals for their own ends, sold conceptions of racial identity to their patrons. In so doing they laid the foundation for a black entertainment industry whose artistic, financial, and cultural practices extended into the twentieth century.
Book
Spirituals and the Birth of a Black Entertainment Industry
Spirituals performed by jubilee troupes became a sensation in post-Civil War America. First brought to the stage by choral ensembles like the Fisk Jubilee Singers, spirituals anchored a wide range of late nineteenth-century entertainments, including minstrelsy, variety, and plays by both black and white companies. In the first book-length treatment of postbellum spirituals in theatrical entertainments, Sandra Jean Graham mines a trove of resources to chart the spiritual's journey from the private lives of slaves to the concert stage. Graham navigates the conflicting agendas of those who, in adapting spirituals for their own ends, sold conceptions of racial identity to their patrons. In so doing they lay the foundation for a black entertainment industry whose artistic, financial, and cultural practices extended into the twentieth century. A companion website contains jubilee troupe personnel, recordings, and profiles of 85 jubilee groups. Please go to: http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/graham/spirituals/
eBook
Music in Black American Life, 1600-1945
This first volume of Music in Black American Life collects
research and analysis that originally appeared in the journals
American Music and the Black Music Research
Journal , and in the University of Illinois Press's acclaimed
book series Music in American Life. In these selections, experts
from a cross-section of disciplines engage with fundamental issues
in ways that changed our perceptions of Black music. The topics
includes the culturally and musically complex Black music-making of
colonial America; string bands and other lesser-known genres
practiced by Black artists; the jubilee industry and its audiences;
and innovators in jazz, blues, and Black gospel.
Eclectic and essential, Music in Black American Life,
1600-1945 offers specialists and students alike a gateway to
the history and impact of Black music in the United States.
Contributors: R. Reid Badger, Rae Linda Brown, Samuel A. Floyd
Jr., Sandra Jean Graham, Jeffrey Magee, Robert M. Marovich, Harriet
Ottenheimer, Eileen Southern, Katrina Dyonne Thompson, Stephen
Wade, and Charles Wolfe
eBook
A Qualitative Study Exploring Training/Challenges for Classroom Teachers When Working with Child Sexual Abuse Disclosure
This qualitative study explored teacher perspectives on strategies that effectively recognize and support child sexual abuse disclosure in elementary classrooms, addressing a critical gap in educator training and practice. The purpose of the study was to examine how teachers understand Child Sexual Abuse Disclosure (CSAD) and what classroom-based strategies they consider effective in facilitating disclosures. The research was grounded in a conceptual framework emphasizing trauma-informed practice, safe environments, and professional responsibility to identify and respond to student disclosures. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the study involved ten elementary school teachers from urban public schools in Northern Alberta, Canada. Participants were selected through purposive sampling based on their experience working with elementary-aged children. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and a focus group. NVivo software was used to assist with the organization and coding. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify recurring patterns and themes related to teacher knowledge, barriers, and enabling strategies. Findings revealed that teachers reported limited formal training and uncertainty around protocols and reporting procedures. Effective strategies included relationship-building with students, creating emotionally safe environments, reviewing school policies regularly, and using trauma-informed communication approaches. Barriers included emotional challenges, fear of making mistakes, systemic gaps in training, and lack of time. The findings suggest a need for consistent professional development and school-wide support to build teacher confidence and competence. These results contribute to practice-based understanding and inform future development of targeted training and policy enhancements to support elementary educators in this critical area.
Dissertation
Commercial Spirituals
The rise of student jubilee troupes offered minstrels a new opportunity for burlesque. The trickle of camp meeting parodies introduced by minstrels in 1870 converged with new parodies of jubilee singers and their spirituals, forming a tributary of religiously influenced popular music that dominated minstrelsy and variety for close to a decade. In jubilee troupes blackface minstrels found a new target to add to their list of politicians, celebrities, operas, plays, religious fads, and other caricature-worthy topics of the day.
By 1875, black and white entertainers alike were singing and composing popular songs that drew on the musical form and
Book Chapter
The Fisk Concert Spiritual
Bringing spirituals from riverboats, fields, praise houses, and camp meetings onto the concert stage required considerable musical and cultural translation. It meant converting participatory experiences into presentational performances for discerning audiences, and improvisatory compositions into standardized musical works. Impeccable preparation was essential, for a host of variables could detract from even the best performance, including the venue (size, acoustics, sight lines, lighting), audience demographics (political, religious, and racial attitudes), the oratory preceding the music (prone to being overly long), the number of performers (often diminished by sickness), performers’ dress and demeanor, and even weather (which could adversely affect inside temperatures).
Book Chapter
Spirituals in Uncle Tom Shows, Melodramas, and Spectacles
A rainy night in Boston, spring 1876. ἀ e truck that paraded Uncle Tom’s little log house with its smoking chimney through the city all week long had accomplished its goal: crowds thronged the theater. Most everyone in the audience had read the novel and seen the play several times before (it had been staged off and on in Boston for over twenty years!) but it didn’t matter—every performance was a little different, and the sets were so grand and the cast so large, it was impossible to take it all in during one viewing. Fifty cents bought something
Book Chapter
Innovators, Imitators, and a Jubilee Industry
The Jubilee Singers’ 1872 spring tour culminated in several appearances at Patrick Gilmore’s World’s Peace Jubilee in Boston, which celebrated the end of the Franco-Prussian War with twenty thousand choristers, some two thousand instrumentalists, and three weeks of mammoth concerts dominated by European classical music (17 June–4 July). Although the Fisk Jubilee Singers sang spirituals in three of the main concerts, their most conspicuous performance was “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” on Saturday, 22 June. Joining them were the Hyers sisters, a chorus of some one hundred fifty African Americans, and the distinguished festival orchestra. After a long
Book Chapter
The Jubilee Singers of Fisk University
With the gradual dismantling of slavery, from President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation on 1 January 1863 to the states’ ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment on 6 December 1865, education became a critical step toward self-reliance for the approximately four million freed women and men. Until legislatures in the southern states agreed to fund public education for all citizens, the creation of schools for African Americans was shouldered largely by various northern philanthropic organizations. Fisk University president George Gates recalled the “romantic beginnings” of several early black colleges:
Hampton had its heroic early days, gathering round the personality of General Samuel
Book Chapter