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The text of the Periplous or 'circumnavigation' that survives under the name of Skylax of Karyanda is in fact by an unknown author of the 4th century BC. It describes the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black Sea, naming hundreds of towns with geographical features such as rivers, harbours and mountains. But, argues Graham Shipley, it is not the record of a voyage or a navigational handbook for sailors. It is, rather, the first work of Greek theoretical geography, written in Athens at a time of intellectual ferment and intense speculation about the nature and dimensions of the inhabited world. While other scientists were gathering data about natural science and political systems or making rapid advances in philosophy, rhetorical theory, and cosmology, the unknown author collected data about the structure of the lands bordering the seas known to the Greeks, and compiled sailing distances and times along well-frequented routes. His aim was probably nothing less ambitious than to demonstrate the size of the inhabited world of the Greeks. This is the first full edition of the Periplous for over 150 years, and includes a newly revised Greek text and specially produced maps along with the first complete English translation. Interest in ancient geographical writings has never been so strong, yet many of the key texts are inaccessible to those who do not read Greek. With its relatively limited vocabulary and simple, yet varied, syntax, it will provide a useful text for those moving beyond the elementary study of ancient Greek language. In this fully reset second edition, the introduction is expanded to include a section on the late-antique geographer Markianos, and updates incorporated into both the Introduction and Commentary. The text of the Periplous or 'circumnavigation' is a highly significant geographical text by a 4th century BC author. It describes the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black Sea, and may have been written to demonstrate the size of the inhabited world of the ancient Greeks. This revised edition contains the text and translation, with full commentary.

The text of the Periplous or 'circumnavigation' that survives under the name of Skylax of Karyanda is in fact by an unknown author of the 4th century BC. It describes the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black Sea, naming hundreds of towns with geographical features such as rivers, harbours and mountains. But, argues Graham Shipley, it is not the record of a voyage or a navigational handbook for sailors. It is, rather, the first work of Greek theoretical geography, written in Athens at a time of intellectual ferment and intense speculation about the nature and dimensions of the inhabited world. While other scientists were gathering data about natural science and political systems or making rapid advances in philosophy, rhetorical theory, and cosmology, the unknown author collected data about the structure of the lands bordering the seas known to the Greeks, and compiled sailing distances and times along well-frequented routes. His aim was probably nothing less ambitious than to demonstrate the size of the inhabited world of the Greeks. This is the first full edition of the Periplous for over 150 years, and includes a newly revised Greek text and specially produced maps along with the first complete English translation. Interest in ancient geographical writings has never been so strong, yet many of the key texts are inaccessible to those who do not read Greek. With its relatively limited vocabulary and simple, yet varied, syntax, it will provide a useful text for those moving beyond the elementary study of ancient Greek language. In this fully reset second edition, the introduction is expanded to include a section on the late-antique geographer Markianos, and updates incorporated into both the Introduction and Commentary.

This study reassesses the reforms of the mid-third-century Spartan kings. It examines first the possible landscape impacts of oliganthropy and demotion to ‘Inferior’ status. Possible attempts, by state or individuals, to combat inequality by cultivating unused land or ignoring the prohibition on manual labour did not solve the problem. Since Sparta and perioikic poleis possessed distinct territories, ‘Malea(s)’ in Plutarch’s account of Agis’s land reforms should mean Mt Parnon, not Cape Malea; it was only Sparta’s own chōra that Agis IV and Kleomenes III could redesign. Disadvantaging the perioikoi was impossible, given the relative increase in their power within Laconia.

The text of the Periplous or 'circumnavigation' is a highly significant geographical text by a 4th century BC author. It describes the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black Sea, and may have been written to demonstrate the size of the inhabited world of the ancient Greeks. This revised edition contains the text and translation, with full commentary.

This paper seeks to establish an intellectual context for the periplous of Pseudo-Skylax (probably written in or near Athens in 338 to ca. 337 BC). The unknown author is aware of the work of contemporary natural philosophers, including those in the post-Platonic Academy and those who were to form the Peripatos, especially Aristotle, Theophrastos and Dikaiarchos. Among known writers, Dikaiarchos is most likely to have written the periplous; but the case remains unproven. Doubts are also raised as to the validity of the so-called periplographic genre.

This volume focuses on the changing relationship between warfare and the Roman citizen body, from the Republic, when war was at the heart of Roman life, through to the Principate, when it was confined to professional soldiers and expansion largely ceased, and finally on to the Late Empire and the Roman army's eventual failure. David Braund , University of Exeter; Brian Campbell Queen's University of Belfast; Duncan Cloud , University of Leicester; Tim Cornell , University College, London; Wolfgang Liebeschuetz , University of Nottingham; Stephen Oakley , Emmanuel College, Cambridge; John Patterson , Magdalene College, Cambridge; John Rich , University of Nottingham; Harry Sidebottom , Christi College, Oxford; Dick Whittaker , Churchill College, Cambridge; Greg Woolf , Magdalen College, Oxford; Adam Ziolkowski , University of Warsaw

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray diffraction have been used to study the structural and thermal properties of totally synthetic d-erythro- N-palmitoyl-lactosyl-C 18-sphingosine (C16:0-LacCer). Over the temperature range 0–90°C, fully hydrated C16:0-LacCer shows complex thermal transitions characteristic of polymorphic behavior of exclusively bilayer phases. On heating at 5°C/min, hydrated C16:0-LacCer undergoes a complex two-peak endothermic transition with maxima at 69°C and 74°C and a total enthalpy of 14.6 kcal/mol C16:0-LacCer. At a slower heating rate (1.5°C/min), two endothermic transitions are observed at 66°C and 78°C. After cooling to 0°C, the subsequent heating run shows three overlapping endothermic transitions at 66°C, 69°C, and 71.5°C, followed by a chain-melting endothermic transition at 78°C. Two thermal protocols were used to completely convert C16:0-LacCer to its stable, high melting temperature (78°C) form. As revealed by x-ray diffraction, over the temperature range 20–78°C this stable phase exhibits a bilayer structure, periodicity d ≈ 65 Å with an ordered chain packing mode. At the phase transition (78°C) chain melting occurs, and C16:0-LacCer converts to a liquid crystalline bilayer (L α ) phase of reduced periodicity d ≈ 59 Å. On cooling from the L α phase, C16:0-LacCer converts to metastable bilayer phases undergoing transitions at 66–72°C. These studies allow comparisons to be made with the behavior of the corresponding C16:0-Cer (Shah et al., 1995. J. Lipid Res. 36:1936–1944) and C16:0-GluCer and C16:0-GalCer (Saxena et al., 1999. J. Lipid Res. 40:839–849). Our systematic studies are aimed at understanding the role of oligosaccharide complexity in regulating glycosphingolipid structure and properties.

Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity shows how today's environmental and ecological concerns can help illuminate our study of the ancient world. The contributors consider how the Greeks and Romans perceived their natural world, and how their perceptions affected society. The effects of human settlement and cultivation on the landscape are considered, as well as the representation of landscape in Attic drama. Various aspects of farming, such as the use of terraces and the significance of olive growing are examined. The uncultivated landscape was also important: hunting was a key social ritual for Greek and hellenistic elites, and 'wild' places were not wastelands but played an essential economic role. The Romans' attempts to control their environment are analyzed.This volume shows how Greeks and Romans worked hand in hand with their natural environment and not against it. It represents an outstanding collaboration between the disciplines of history and archaeology.