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"Grant, J"
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Deep learning enables satellite-based monitoring of large populations of terrestrial mammals across heterogeneous landscape
New satellite remote sensing and machine learning techniques offer untapped possibilities to monitor global biodiversity with unprecedented speed and precision. These efficiencies promise to reveal novel ecological insights at spatial scales which are germane to the management of populations and entire ecosystems. Here, we present a robust transferable deep learning pipeline to automatically locate and count large herds of migratory ungulates (wildebeest and zebra) in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem using fine-resolution (38-50 cm) satellite imagery. The results achieve accurate detection of nearly 500,000 individuals across thousands of square kilometers and multiple habitat types, with an overall F1-score of 84.75% (Precision: 87.85%, Recall: 81.86%). This research demonstrates the capability of satellite remote sensing and machine learning techniques to automatically and accurately count very large populations of terrestrial mammals across a highly heterogeneous landscape. We also discuss the potential for satellite-derived species detections to advance basic understanding of animal behavior and ecology.
This study presents a deep learning pipeline to automatically locate and count large herds of migratory ungulates (wildebeest and zebra) in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem using fine resolution satellite imagery. The results achieve accurate detection of nearly 500,000 individuals across thousands of square kilometers and multiple habitat types.
Journal Article
Selecting the optimal immunotherapy regimen in driver-negative metastatic NSCLC
The treatment landscape of driver-negative non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is rapidly evolving. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors, specifically those targeting PD-1 or PD-L1, have demonstrated durable efficacy in a subset of patients with NSCLC, and these agents have become the cornerstone of first-line therapy. Approved immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment-naive patients now include monotherapy, immunotherapy-exclusive regimens or chemotherapy–immunotherapy combinations. Decision making in this space is complex given the absence of head-to-head prospective comparisons, although a thorough analysis of long-term efficacy and safety data from pivotal clinical trials can provide insight into the optimal management of each subset of patients. Indeed, histological subtype and the extent of tumour cell PD-L1 expression are paramount to regimen selection, although other clinicopathological factors and patient preferences might also be relevant in certain scenarios. Finally, several emerging biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies are currently under investigation, and these might further refine the current treatment paradigm. In this Review, we discuss the current treatment landscape and detail our approach to first-line immunotherapy regimen selection for patients with advanced-stage, driver-negative NSCLC.Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now standard-of-care therapies for patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without a targetable driver alteration. Various ICIs or combination regimens have been approved in this setting, relative to chemotherapy, although no prospective data are available comparing the various ICI-based approaches. Here, the authors provide guidance on selecting the optimal ICI-based therapy and highlight several future research directions that will probably further improve the outcomes of patients with advanced-stage NSCLC.
Journal Article
Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013
Climate strongly influences global wildfire activity, and recent wildfire surges may signal fire weather-induced pyrogeographic shifts. Here we use three daily global climate data sets and three fire danger indices to develop a simple annual metric of fire weather season length, and map spatio-temporal trends from 1979 to 2013. We show that fire weather seasons have lengthened across 29.6 million km
2
(25.3%) of the Earth’s vegetated surface, resulting in an 18.7% increase in global mean fire weather season length. We also show a doubling (108.1% increase) of global burnable area affected by long fire weather seasons (>1.0
σ
above the historical mean) and an increased global frequency of long fire weather seasons across 62.4 million km
2
(53.4%) during the second half of the study period. If these fire weather changes are coupled with ignition sources and available fuel, they could markedly impact global ecosystems, societies, economies and climate.
Global wildfires can have severe societal implications and economic cost and have been strongly linked to climate. Here, the authors analyse daily global wildfire trends and show that, during the past 35 years, wildfire season length has increased by 18.7% over more than a quarter of the Earth’s surface.
Journal Article
Marvel Boy
\"Meet Marvel Boy--A.K.A. Noh-Varr of the Kree Empire, last survivor of a doomed starship. He's seen good friends killed by sheer ignorance and hate, and his welcome to Earth consisted of imprisonment and torture. Now he's angry. And if necessary, he'll take on our entire planet--in the name of love, justice and the freedom to ride in his spaceship! but who are Doctor Midas and the Exterminatrix--and what do they want with Marvel Boy?\"--Back cover.
Book
From single steps to mass migration: the problem of scale in the movement ecology of the Serengeti wildebeest
A central question in ecology is how to link processes that occur over different scales. The daily interactions of individual organisms ultimately determine community dynamics, population fluctuations and the functioning of entire ecosystems. Observations of these multiscale ecological processes are constrained by various technological, biological or logistical issues, and there are often vast discrepancies between the scale at which observation is possible and the scale of the question of interest. Animal movement is characterized by processes that act over multiple spatial and temporal scales. Second-by-second decisions accumulate to produce annual movement patterns. Individuals influence, and are influenced by, collective movement decisions, which then govern the spatial distribution of populations and the connectivity of meta-populations. While the field of movement ecology is experiencing unprecedented growth in the availability of movement data, there remain challenges in integrating observations with questions of ecological interest. In this article, we present the major challenges of addressing these issues within the context of the Serengeti wildebeest migration, a keystone ecological phenomena that crosses multiple scales of space, time and biological complexity.
This article is part of the theme issue 'Collective movement ecology'.
Journal Article
Antipodal Shakespeare : remembering and forgetting in Britain, Australia and New Zealand, 1916-2016
\"In this collaborative monograph, five scholars from Britain, Australia and New Zealand reflect on the modes of commemoration of Shakespeare in and after the Tercentenary year, 1916, in two hemispheres. They argue that it was at this moment of remembering that 'global Shakespeare' first emerged in recognizable, if embryonic form. Despite a recent surge of interest in the Shakespeare Tercentenary, a great deal has been forgotten about this key moment in the history of the place of Shakespeare in national and global culture - much more than has been remembered. In addressing this the book offers new materials and discoveries about, and new interpretations of, the Tercentenary celebrations in Britain and in Australia and New Zealand, and reflects also on the long legacy of those celebrations\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Cross-boundary human impacts compromise the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem
Protected areas provide major benefits for humans in the form of ecosystem services, but landscape degradation by human activity at their edges may compromise their ecological functioning. Using multiple lines of evidence from 40 years of research in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem, we find that such edge degradation has effectively “squeezed” wildlife into the core protected area and has altered the ecosystem’s dynamics even within this 40,000-square-kilometer ecosystem. This spatial cascade reduced resilience in the core and was mediated by the movement of grazers, which reduced grass fuel and fires, weakened the capacity of soils to sequester nutrients and carbon, and decreased the responsiveness of primary production to rainfall. Similar effects in other protected ecosystems worldwide may require rethinking of natural resource management outside protected areas.
Journal Article