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The study area is located across the Kalahari Craton – Maud Belt boundary in Dronning Maud Land (DML), Antarctica. The ∼1100 Ma Maud Belt in the east is situated where the ∼900–600 Ma East African and ∼530–500 Ma Kuunga orogenies overlap. The Kalahari Craton cover in the west of the study area comprises ∼1100 Ma Straumsnutane Formation lavas in Straumsnutane. In Straumsnutane, early ∼1100 Ma low-grade structures suggest top-to-the-NW deformation. Younger ∼525 Ma structures suggest conjugate top-to-ESE and -WNW transport under low-grade conditions. Western Straumsnutane and Ahlmannryggen do not show the same complex deformation, the intense deformation being restricted to NE Straumsnutane along the eastern margin of the Kalahari Craton. In Sverdrupfjella, in the east, the Maud Belt is underlain by medium-grade, deformed ∼1140 Ma supracrustal gneisses and younger intrusions. Four deformation phases in the gneisses comprise D1 + D2 with top-to-the-N and -NW folds, D3 top-to-the-S and -SE folding and D4 brittle faulting. Syn-D3 emplacement of granitoid veins is inferred at ∼490 Ma. Comparison of the deformation vergence of NE Straumsnutane with western Sverdrupfjella suggests D1 in Straumsnutane is correlatable with D1 + D2 Mesoproterozoic structures in western Sverdrupfjella. D2 deformation in Straumsnutane can be correlated with D3 structures and Cambrian-age granites in Sverdrupfjella. D2 deformation in eastern Straumsnutane and D3 in western Sverdrupfjella are inferred to have occurred in a mega-nappe footwall, implying the Ritscherflya Supergroup cratonic cover in eastern Straumsnutane was partially submerged in the footwall, the mega-nappe formed during Gondwana amalgamation, involving collision between N and S Gondwana in the Kuunga Orogeny, ∼530–500 Ma ago.

Recent biological surveys of ancient inselbergs in southern Malawi and northern Mozambique have led to the discovery and description of many species new to science, and overlapping centres of endemism across multiple taxa. Combining these endemic taxa with data on geology and climate, we propose the \"South East Africa Montane Archipelago\" (SEAMA) as a distinct ecoregion of global biological importance. The ecoregion encompasses 30 granitic inselbergs reaching >1000 m above sea level, hosting the largest (Mt Mabu) and smallest (Mt Lico) mid-elevation rainforests in southern Africa, as well as biologically unique montane grasslands. Endemic taxa include 127 plants, 45 vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and 45 invertebrate species (butterflies, freshwater crabs), and two endemic genera of plants and reptiles. Existing dated phylogenies of endemic animal lineages suggests this endemism arose from divergence events coinciding with repeated isolation of these mountains from the pan-African forests, together with the mountains' great age and relative climatic stability. Since 2000, the SEAMA has lost 18% of its primary humid forest cover (up to 43% in some sites)— one of the highest deforestation rates in Africa. Urgently rectifying this situation, while addressing the resource needs of local communities, is a global priority for biodiversity conservation.

In the Port Edward area of southern Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, charnockitic aureoles up to 10 m in width in the normally garnetiferous Nicholson's Point Granite, are developed adjacent to intrusive contacts with the Port Edward Enderbite and anhydrous pegmatitic veins.