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Skaar : son of Hulk - the complete collection
Born in fire. Raised by monsters. Destined to smash! On an alien planet shattered by war, no one is stronger than Skaar -- the savage Son of Hulk! But as a warlord and a princess spread chaos through the wastelands, will Skaar save the puny survivors -- or eat them? Skaar seeks the mysterious Old Power, but can even he stop the coming of the Silver Surfer-and Galactus the Devourer? The soothsayers sing: One day, monsters will clash -- the boy will confront the man who abandoned him. When the Son of Hulk seeks vengeance on his father, will Earth be turned into Planet Skaar?
BOOK
Time–information uncertainty relations in thermodynamics
Physical systems powering motion and creating structure in a fixed amount of time dissipate energy and produce entropy. Whether living, synthetic or engineered, systems performing these dynamic functions must balance dissipation and speed. Here, we show that rates of energy and entropy exchange are subject to a speed limit—a time–information uncertainty relation—imposed by the rates of change in the information content of the system. This uncertainty relation bounds the time that elapses before the change in a thermodynamic quantity has the same magnitude as its s.d. From this general bound, we establish a family of speed limits for heat, dissipated/chemical work and entropy depending on the experimental constraints on the system and its environment. In all of these inequalities, the timescale of transient dynamical fluctuations is universally bounded by the Fisher information. Moreover, they all have a mathematical form that mirrors the Mandelstam–Tamm version of the time–energy uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics. These bounds on the speed of arbitrary observables apply to transient systems away from thermodynamic equilibrium, independent of the physical constraints on the stochastic dynamics or their function.
A time–information uncertainty relation in thermodynamics has been derived, analogous to the time–energy uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics, imposing limits on the speed of energy and entropy exchange between a system and external reservoirs.
Journal Article
Unifying Quantum and Classical Speed Limits on Observables
The presence of noise or the interaction with an environment can radically change the dynamics of observables of an otherwise isolated quantum system. We derive a bound on the speed with which observables of open quantum systems evolve. This speed limit is divided into Mandelstam and Tamm’s original time-energy uncertainty relation and a time-information uncertainty relation recently derived for classical systems, and both are generalized to open quantum systems. By isolating the coherent and incoherent contributions to the system dynamics, we derive both lower and upper bounds on the speed of evolution. We prove that the latter provide tighter limits on the speed of observables than previously known quantum speed limits and that a preferred basis of speed operators serves to completely characterize the observables that saturate the speed limits. We use this construction to bound the effect of incoherent dynamics on the evolution of an observable and to find the Hamiltonian that gives the maximum coherent speedup to the evolution of an observable.
Journal Article
Critical fluctuations and slowing down of chaos
Fluids cooled to the liquid–vapor critical point develop system-spanning fluctuations in density that transform their visual appearance. Despite a rich phenomenology, however, there is not currently an explanation of the mechanical instability in the molecular motion at this critical point. Here, we couple techniques from nonlinear dynamics and statistical physics to analyze the emergence of this singular state. Numerical simulations and analytical models show how the ordering mechanisms of critical dynamics are measurable through the hierarchy of spatiotemporal Lyapunov vectors. A subset of unstable vectors soften near the critical point, with a marked suppression in their characteristic exponents that reflects a weakened sensitivity to initial conditions. Finite-time fluctuations in these exponents exhibit sharply peaked dynamical timescales and power law signatures of the critical dynamics. Collectively, these results are symptomatic of a critical slowing down of chaos that sits at the root of our statistical understanding of the liquid–vapor critical point.
It is well known that fluids become opaque at the liquid–vapor critical point, but a description of the underlying mechanical instability is still missing. Das and Green leverage nonlinear dynamics to quantify the role of chaos in the emergence of this critical phenomenon.
Journal Article
In Situ Bioprinting of Autologous Skin Cells Accelerates Wound Healing of Extensive Excisional Full-Thickness Wounds
The early treatment and rapid closure of acute or chronic wounds is essential for normal healing and prevention of hypertrophic scarring. The use of split thickness autografts is often limited by the availability of a suitable area of healthy donor skin to harvest. Cellular and non-cellular biological skin-equivalents are commonly used as an alternative treatment option for these patients, however these treatments usually involve multiple surgical procedures and associated with high costs of production and repeated wound treatment. Here we describe a novel design and a proof-of-concept validation of a mobile skin bioprinting system that provides rapid on-site management of extensive wounds. Integrated imaging technology facilitated the precise delivery of either autologous or allogeneic dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes directly into an injured area, replicating the layered skin structure. Excisional wounds bioprinted with layered autologous dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes in a hydrogel carrier showed rapid wound closure, reduced contraction and accelerated re-epithelialization. These regenerated tissues had a dermal structure and composition similar to healthy skin, with extensive collagen deposition arranged in large, organized fibers, extensive mature vascular formation and proliferating keratinocytes.
Journal Article
Critique of Networked Election Systems: A Comprehensive Analysis of Vulnerabilities and Security Measures
The security and integrity of election systems represent fundamental pillars of democratic governance in the 21st century. As electoral processes increasingly rely on networked technologies and digital infrastructures, the vulnerability of these systems to cyber threats has become a paramount concern for election officials, cybersecurity experts, and policymakers worldwide. This paper presents the first comprehensive synthesis and systematic analysis of vulnerabilities across major U.S. election systems, integrating findings from government assessments, security research, and documented incidents into a unified analytical framework. We compile and categorize previously fragmented vulnerability data from multiple vendors, federal advisories (CISA, EAC), and security assessments to construct a holistic view of the election security landscape. Our novel contribution includes (1) the first cross-vendor vulnerability taxonomy for election systems, (2) a quantitative risk assessment framework specifically designed for election infrastructure, (3) systematic mapping of threat actor capabilities against election system components, and (4) the first proposal for honeynet deployment in election security contexts. Through analysis of over 200 authoritative sources, we identify critical security gaps in federal guidelines, quantify risks in networked election components, and reveal systemic vulnerabilities that only emerge through comprehensive cross-system analysis. Our findings demonstrate that interconnected vulnerabilities create risk-amplification factors of 2-5x compared to isolated component analysis, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive federal cybersecurity standards, improved network segmentation, and enhanced monitoring capabilities to protect democratic processes.
Journal Article
Application of a novel suture anchor to abdominal wall closure
Mesh suture used in high-tension wound closures produces large knots susceptible to increased palpability, infection, and foreign body response; yet has superior tensile strength and increased resistance to cutting through tissue compared to standard suture. This study investigates mesh suture fixation in abdominal tissue with a knotless novel, low-profile anchor-clip.
Single and double end fixation of mesh suture in swine rectus abdominus fascia with an anchor-clip, a knot, and predicate device fixation underwent cyclic testing followed by pull-to-failure testing.
Failure load of standard knot, single corkscrew and double anchor-clip were not statistically different, but were significantly greater than single anchor-clip and double corkscrew fixation (p > 0.05).
The anchor-clip is ∼60% smaller than a standard knot while maintaining fixation strength when exposed to physiologic forces using double anchor-clip fixation in abdominal wall closure.
•Anchor-clip secures mesh suture under physiologic force in abdominal wall tissue.•Double Anchor-clip fixation has similar mechanical performance as knot fixation.•Anchor-clip is ∼60% smaller than mesh suture knot.•Anchor-clip doesn't damage tissue through penetration as corkscrew fixation.•Study provides preliminary indication for anchor-clip use in abdominal closure.
Journal Article
Relationship between dynamical entropy and energy dissipation far from thermodynamic equilibrium
Connections between microscopic dynamical observables and macroscopic nonequilibrium (NE) properties have been pursued in statistical physics since Boltzmann, Gibbs, and Maxwell. The simulations we describe here establish a relationship between the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy and the energy dissipated as heat from a NE system to its environment. First, we show that the Kolmogorov–Sinai or dynamical entropy can be separated into system and bath components and that the entropy of the system [Formula] characterizes the dynamics of energy dissipation. Second, we find that the average change in the system dynamical entropy is linearly related to the average change in the energy dissipated to the bath. The constant energy and time scales of the bath fix the dynamical relationship between these two quantities. These results provide a link between microscopic dynamical variables and the macroscopic energetics of NE processes.
Journal Article
Algal Blooms and Cyanotoxins in Jordan Lake, North Carolina
The eutrophication of waterways has led to a rise in cyanobacterial, harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) worldwide. The deterioration of water quality due to excess algal biomass in lakes has been well documented (e.g., water clarity, hypoxic conditions), but health risks associated with cyanotoxins remain largely unexplored in the absence of toxin information. This study is the first to document the presence of dissolved microcystin, anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, and β-N-methylamino-l-alanine in Jordan Lake, a major drinking water reservoir in North Carolina. Saxitoxin presence was not confirmed. Multiple toxins were detected at 86% of the tested sites and during 44% of the sampling events between 2014 and 2016. Although concentrations were low, continued exposure of organisms to multiple toxins raises some concerns. A combination of discrete sampling and in-situ tracking (Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking [SPATT]) revealed that microcystin and anatoxin were the most pervasive year-round. Between 2011 and 2016, summer and fall blooms were dominated by the same cyanobacterial genera, all of which are suggested producers of single or multiple cyanotoxins. The study’s findings provide further evidence of the ubiquitous nature of cyanotoxins, and the challenges involved in linking CyanoHAB dynamics to specific environmental forcing factors are discussed.
Journal Article