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Fire and Snow: Effects of Snowpack Variation and Wildfire on Small Mammal Dynamics in Sub‐Alpine Habitats
Montane ecosystems in many parts of the world are threatened by climate change. In Australia, alpine and sub‐alpine habitats face warming temperatures, increased risk of wildfire and incursions by invasive species. For small mammals that are active over winter in these habitats, a further risk may arise if the winter snowpack—and the thermally buffered subnivean space that it creates—is impacted. We examine long‐term (19–43‐year) datasets on three species of small mammal in sub‐alpine habitats in Australia to test whether populations decline in years when there is a shallow or transient snowpack, and after wildfire. We anticipated that species would show differential susceptibility to snowpack integrity, with species such as the broad‐toothed rat (Mastacomys fuscus), which nests on the soil surface within the subnivean space, likely to be at most risk in years of shallow or transient snow cover. We found that populations of M. fuscus often declined following winters with shallow snow cover, and that the end of snow cover influenced numbers of M. fuscus and a second species, the mainland dusky antechinus (Antechinus mimetes) in the following summer or autumn. Populations of a third study species, the bush rat (Rattus fuscipes), were less affected by snowpack variables. All species declined sharply post‐fire; depressions in numbers were most prolonged, and recoveries slowest, for A. mimetes and particularly M. fuscus. Food availability, drought, vegetation cover and differential susceptibility of the study species to predation by the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) probably contributed to the observed dynamics. We suggest that interactions between snowpack reduction, wildfire and fox predation pose increasing threats to small mammals in Australia's sub‐alpine habitats, and call for the development of local management plans for taxa at most risk of collapse. Global warming is increasing the risk of fire and decreasing winter snow cover in montane environments in many parts of the world. Using a long term trapping study in sub‐alpine habitats in the Australian Alps, we show that changes in the fire regime and snow conditions interact with other factors (availability of food and predation by introduced carnivores) to threaten populations of three species of endemic small mammals.
Journal Article
Routledge handbook of youth sport
'The Routledge Handbook of Youth Sport' is a comprehensive survey of the latest research into young people's involvement in sport. Drawing on a wide diversity of disciplines, including sociology, psychology, policy studies, coaching, physical education and physiology, the book examines the importance of sport during a key transitional period of our lives, from the later teenage years into the early twenties, and therefore helps us develop a better understanding of the social construction of young people's lives.
Book
The Australian Bogong Moth Agrotis infusa: A Long-Distance Nocturnal Navigator
The nocturnal Bogong moth (Agrotis infusa) is an iconic and well-known Australian insect that is also a remarkable nocturnal navigator. Like the Monarch butterflies of North America, Bogong moths make a yearly migration over enormous distances, from southern Queensland, western and northwestern New South Wales (NSW) and western Victoria, to the alpine regions of NSW and Victoria. After emerging from their pupae in early spring, adult Bogong moths embark on a long nocturnal journey towards the Australian Alps, a journey that can take many days or even weeks and cover over 1000 km. Once in the Alps (from the end of September), Bogong moths seek out the shelter of selected and isolated high ridge-top caves and rock crevices (typically at elevations above 1800 m). In hundreds of thousands, moths line the interior walls of these cool alpine caves where they \"hibernate\" over the summer months (referred to as \"estivation\"). Towards the end of the summer (February and March), the same individuals that arrived months earlier leave the caves and begin their long return trip to their breeding grounds. Once there, moths mate, lay eggs and die. The moths that hatch in the following spring then repeat the migratory cycle afresh. Despite having had no previous experience of the migratory route, these moths find their way to the Alps and locate their estivation caves that are dotted along the high alpine ridges of southeastern Australia. How naïve moths manage this remarkable migratory feat still remains a mystery, although there are many potential sensory cues along the migratory route that moths might rely on during their journey, including visual, olfactory, mechanical and magnetic cues. Here we review our current knowledge of the Bogong moth, including its natural history, its ecology, its cultural importance to the Australian Aborigines and what we understand about the sensory basis of its long-distance nocturnal migration. From this analysis it becomes clear that the Bogong moth represents a new and very promising model organism for understanding the sensory basis of nocturnal migration in insects.
Journal Article
The Copenhagen Consensus Conference 2016: children, youth, and physical activity in schools and during leisure time
From 4 to 7 April 2016, 24 researchers from 8 countries and from a variety of academic disciplines gathered in Snekkersten, Denmark, to reach evidence-based consensus about physical activity in children and youth, that is, individuals between 6 and 18 years. Physical activity is an overarching term that consists of many structured and unstructured forms within school and out-of-school-time contexts, including organised sport, physical education, outdoor recreation, motor skill development programmes, recess, and active transportation such as biking and walking. This consensus statement presents the accord on the effects of physical activity on children's and youth's fitness, health, cognitive functioning, engagement, motivation, psychological well-being and social inclusion, as well as presenting educational and physical activity implementation strategies. The consensus was obtained through an iterative process that began with presentation of the state-of-the art in each domain followed by plenary and group discussions. Ultimately, Consensus Conference participants reached agreement on the 21-item consensus statement.
Journal Article
Key Themes in Youth Sport
Key Themes in Youth Sport is a concise, easy to read guide to core concepts in the study of young people’s relationship with sport, exercise and leisure. Designed to help students get to grips with the basics and go on to master the central ideas and debates in contemporary youth sport, this book reflects the multi-disciplinary interest in youth sport, exploring perspectives from sociology, psychology, physiology, sports policy, sports development, and physical education.
Ken Green is Professor of Sociology of Sport and Head of the Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences at the University of Chester, UK. He is also Editor of the European Physical Education Review and Visiting Professor at the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences.
Introduction 1. Ability and Talent 2. Abuse 3. Activity and Exercise 4. Age and Life-Stages 5. Body/Bodies 6. Capital 7. Clubs and Organized Sport 8. Commercialization and Consumption 9. Competition 10. Disability 11. Drugs 12. Ethnicity 13. Extra-Curricular Physical Education 14. Facilities and Venues 15. Friends and Peers 16. Gender 17. Gender Socialization 18. Global Youth 19. Health, Well-being and Physical Activity 20. Identity (Self-) 21. Individualization 22. In Formalization 23. Leisure 24. Lifelong Participation 25. Lifestyle Sports and Activities 26. Moral Panic 27. Motivation 28. Obesity 29. Parents and Family 30. Participation 31. Physical Education 32. Policy 33. Risk 34. Role Models 35. Sedentariness 36. Social Class 37. Socialization and Habitus 38. Sporting repertoires 39. Technology/ies 40. Time 41. Transitions 42. Typologies 43. Work 44. Youth Cultures and Lifestyles 45. Youth’s New Condition
eBook
Spatial and temporal functional changes in alpine summit vegetation are driven by increases in shrubs and graminoids
In order to determine the mechanisms that drive changes in plant community composition across spatial and temporal scales, plant functional traits were used to interpret the results of a repeat species survey across a gradient of five alpine summits in south-east Australia. Vegetation changes were strongly affected by the high and increasing proportion of tall shrubs and graminoids, especially at the lower elevation summits. Several significant relationships between the community trait-weighted mean of different traits and elevation may suggest processes such as competition are influencing vegetation preferentially across the elevation gradient, with shrubs and graminoids driving these patterns.
Abstract
Classical approaches to investigating temporal and spatial changes in community composition offer only partial insight into the ecology that drives species distribution, community patterns and processes, whereas a functional approach can help to determine many of the underlying mechanisms that drive such patterns. Here, we aim to bring these two approaches together to understand such drivers, using an elevation gradient of sites, a repeat species survey and species functional traits. We used data from a repeat vegetation survey on five alpine summits and measured plant height, leaf area, leaf dry matter content and specific leaf area (SLA) for every species recorded in the surveys. We combined species abundances with trait values to produce a community trait-weighted mean (CTWM) for each trait, and then combined survey results with the CTWMs. Across the gradient of summits, more favourable conditions for plant growth (warmer, longer growing season) occurred at the lower elevations. Vegetation composition changes between 2004 and 2011 (according to non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordination) were strongly affected by the high and increasing abundance of species with high SLA at high elevations. Species life-form categories strongly affected compositional changes and functional composition, with increasing dominance of tall shrubs and graminoids at the lower-elevation summits, and an overall increase in graminoids across the gradient. The CTWM for plant height and leaf dry matter content significantly decreased with elevation, whereas for leaf area and SLA it significantly increased. The significant relationships between CTWM and elevation may suggest specific ecological processes, namely plant competition and local productivity, influencing vegetation preferentially across the elevation gradient, with the dominance of shrubs and graminoids driving the patterns in the CTWMs.
Journal Article
The Decline of Snowpatches in the Snowy Mountains of Australia: Importance of Climate Warming, Variable Snow, and Wind
As with glaciers, long-lasting snowpatches have measurable features that are likely to be affected by a warming climate. Changes in these snowpatches are important as they often affect the down-slope thermal regime, water supply, nutrients, soil development, and vegetation. Australia's longest-lasting snowpatches, occurring in the Snowy Mountains, are formed during northwesterly winds, being deposited on southeasterly slopes where they are protected from insolation. Longevity of snowpatches is determined by winter snow and summer temperatures, with 155 days variation in the date of thaw among years. Snowpatches generally occurred in the same locations annually, but differences in direction of the winds during deposition affected snowpatch formation, accumulating aspect, and spatial melt patterns among years. Date of thaw of snowpatches was related to the general snowpack that has declined significantly over the past 54 years. Snowpatches previously multi-year in duration, melted in 2006 in the same year that they formed. Australian snowpatches have already declined with the resultant loss of specialized vegetation. Trends in reducing amount of snow and earlier thaw cast doubt on the long-term future of these snowpatches and their specialized plant communities.
Journal Article