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Social and Emotional Learning and Equity in School Discipline
Beginning as early as preschool, race and gender are intertwined with the way US schools mete out discipline. In particular, black students and male students are much more likely than others to be suspended or expelled—punishments that we know can hold them back academically. These disparities, and the damage they can cause, have driven recent reforms, including some that incorporate social and emotional learning (SEL) practices. Anne Gregory and Edward Fergus review federal and state mandates to cut down on punishments that remove students from school, and they show how some districts are embracing SEL in their efforts to do so. Yet even in these districts, large disparities in discipline persist. The authors suggest two reasons current discipline reforms that embrace SEL practices may hold limited promise for reducing discipline disparities. The first is that prevailing \"colorblind\" notions of SEL don't consider power, privilege, and cultural difference—thus ignoring how individual beliefs and structural biases can lead educators to react harshly to behaviors that fall outside a white cultural frame of reference. The second is that most SEL models are centered on students, but not on the adults who interact with them. Yet research shows that educators' own social and emotional competencies strongly influence students' motivation to learn and the school climate in general. Gregory and Fergus describe how one school district is striving to orient its discipline policies around a conception of SEL that stresses equity and promotes both adults' and students' SEL competencies. Although such reforms hold promise, they are still in the early stages, and the authors call for rigorous empirical work to test whether such efforts can substantially reduce or eradicate racial and gender disparities in discipline.
Journal Article
Adolescent Exposure to Restorative Practices and Their Perceptions of Support, Structure, and Bullying in the School Climate
This study investigated whether a restorative practice initiative improved school climate. The study presents findings from a cluster randomized, controlled trial conducted with 2,248 students from grades 5 to 12 (38% Black, 32% Hispanic) attending 18 schools in the U.S. Northeast. After 1 year of implementation, the experimental analyses of the whole-school initiative did not result in more positive perceptions of school climate for students in the intervention schools compared with students in the control schools. Correlational analyses were also conducted with student surveys in both intervention and control schools. Based on student report, restorative practice exposure in all 18 schools was associated with positive perceptions of the school climate. This suggests that initiatives may need to focus on fidelity of implementation and consistent implementation across more years for substantive school climate gains.
Journal Article
Chartered status and public relations' struggle for legitimacy
PurposeTo appraise progress towards “the professional project” for the public relations profession in the UK using the Royal Charter application as a pivotal assessment point in the journey.Design/methodology/approachPrimary and secondary, qualitative research, with participant observation and chronological and thematic analysis of archival documents at the time of the Charter process: 2003 to 2005. Two expert interviews were also conducted for a view on progress. The study is contextualised within the professions literature and the 2019 State of the Profession study undertaken by the Chartered Institute of Public Relations.FindingsThe Institute faced significant challenges during the Charter application raised by Institutions such as the Government Department for Education and Skills, including the diversity of the profession, standards of education and training, practitioner standards, including ethical, as indicated by their levels of membership and commitment to ongoing professional development. These challenges remain.Research limitations/implicationsDiversity, social acceptance, qualifications and professional progress provide an important, ongoing research agenda.Practical implicationsSocial acceptance, qualifications and professional progress remain elusive for the practice and more radical action is required to achieve progress.Social implicationsThe profession is making limited progress towards legitimacy. Continued press ambivalence, recent scandals, such as the Bell Pottinger affair in South Africa and jurisdictional infringement by other professions continue to threaten its attempts to move towards social closure.Originality/valueThis is the first academic article to chronicle the charter journey using the original documentation as source materials and the first to review progress towards the goals that chartered status signified for public relations.
Journal Article
The Relationship between Body Mass Index and the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Referred for Coronary Angiography
Background and Aim. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and may be associated with more severe coronary artery disease (CAD); however, the relationship between body mass index [BMI (kg/m2)] and CAD severity is uncertain and debatable. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between BMI and angiographic severity of CAD. Methods. Duke Jeopardy Score (DJS), a prognostic tool predictive of 1-year mortality in CAD, was assigned to angiographic data of patients ≥18 years of age (N=8,079). Patients were grouped into 3 BMI categories: normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥30 kg/m2); and multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for 1-year all-cause and cardiac-specific mortality were calculated. Results. Cardiac risk factor prevalence (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia) significantly increased with increasing BMI. Unadjusted all-cause and cardiac-specific 1-year mortality tended to rise with incremental increases in DJS, with the exception of DJS 6 (p<0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, no significant association of BMI and all-cause (HR 0.70, 95% CI .48–1.02) or cardiac-specific (HR 1.11, 95% CI .64–1.92) mortality was found. Conclusions. This study failed to detect an association of BMI with 1-year all-cause or cardiac-specific mortality after adjustment for potential confounding variables.
Journal Article
What determines do-not-resuscitate status in critically ill HIV-infected patients admitted to ICU?
To identify factors associated with do-not-resuscitate (DNR) status in critically ill patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
Retrospective cohort study of first-time admissions of HIV-infected patients to ICUs in Edmonton, Alberta, from 2002 to 2014. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with DNR status.
There were 282 HIV-infected patients with first-time ICU admissions, with an incidence rate of 6.6 per 1000 ICU admissions. Sixty-seven (24%) patients had a DNR designation and support was withdrawn in 37 (13%). In multivariable analysis, APACHE II score (OR 1.13; 95% CI, 1.08–1.19, p < 0.001), coronary artery disease (OR 5.70; 95% CI, 1.18–27.76, p = 0.031), prior opportunistic infection (OR 2.59; 95% CI, 1.20–5.57, p = 0.015) and duration of HIV infection (OR 1.07 per year; 95% CI, 1.01–1.14, p = 0.025) were independently associated with DNR status. Ethnicity, HIV risk factors, CD4 count and viral load were not associated with DNR status.
One in four patients had a DNR designation. Illness acuity, selected comorbidity, previous opportunistic infection and HIV duration were associated with DNR designation.
•One in four patients had DNR status during ICU admission.•Illness acuity, the presence of CAD, history of opportunistic infections and HIV duration were associated with DNR.•Markers of HIV disease control were not associated with DNR.
Journal Article
