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Many areas of the Earth’s crust deform by distributed extensional faulting and complex fault interactions are often observed. Geodetic data generally indicate a simpler picture of continuum deformation over decades but relating this behaviour to earthquake occurrence over centuries, given numerous potentially active faults, remains a global problem in hazard assessment. We address this challenge for an array of seismogenic faults in the central Italian Apennines, where crustal extension and devastating earthquakes occur in response to regional surface uplift. We constrain fault slip-rates since ~18 ka using variations in cosmogenic 36 Cl measured on bedrock scarps, mapped using LiDAR and ground penetrating radar, and compare these rates to those inferred from geodesy. The 36 Cl data reveal that individual faults typically accumulate meters of displacement relatively rapidly over several thousand years, separated by similar length time intervals when slip-rates are much lower, and activity shifts between faults across strike. Our rates agree with continuum deformation rates when averaged over long spatial or temporal scales (10 4  yr; 10 2  km) but over shorter timescales most of the deformation may be accommodated by <30% of the across-strike fault array. We attribute the shifts in activity to temporal variations in the mechanical work of faulting.

Congenital hypopituitarism is a complex variable genetic disorder that is known to be caused by multiple mutated genes, both in isolation and in variably penetrant cases of digenic inheritance. In only < 10% of cases, a mutation in a known causative gene has been identified in the patient, leaving the vast majority of patients yet to have a genetic mutation detected that is responsible for the pathogenicity and that has functional significance to their condition. This study investigates novel genes and pathways involved in hypothalamo-pituitary development. Our large cohort of consanguineous and non-consanguineous pedigrees with hypothalamo-pituitary disease are routinely screened for variants in the known causative genes. In pedigrees where there are no variants in these particular genes, exome sequencing in collaboration with GOSgene is carried out to uncover novel genes and regions of interest that are abnormal in the individual. Upon the identification of any novel variant in known or novel genes, functional assays are conducted to further show the significance of the change. Firstly this study identifies the first novel homozygous mutation in the LHX4 gene, p.T126M, in two deceased brothers from a pedigree with combined pituitary hormone deficiency with subsequent fatal consequences. Functional luciferase assays showed that there was no significant difference between mutant p.T126M and WT constructs in transactivating the αGSU and prolactin promoters, and that mutant LHX4 could synergise with POU1F1 similar to WT LHX4. Secondly, six new candidate genes; CTPS2, RNPC3, PRMT6, FASN, APEX2 and EIF2S3, were identified in phenotypically unique pedigrees submitted to GOSgene for exome sequencing. The human embryonic expression profiles of these novel candidate genes were analysed in this study in a hypothalamo-pituitary context, as well as in related tissues that are affected in the individuals. Thirdly, the role of eIF2γ, encoded by EIF2S3, which was found to be mutated in an X-linked pedigree with congenital hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism and hyperinsulinism causing hypoglycaemia, was investigated in this study. A lentiviral shRNA knock out of the EIF2S3 gene in human pancreatic cells resulted in significantly higher apoptosis compared to WT cells. This study has used both a Sanger sequencing and an exome sequencing approach to identify novel variants in known and novel candidate genes respectively.

In the original version of the Data Descriptor the surname of author Anne Socquet was misspelled. This has now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the Data Descriptor. Some authors were also not appropriately associated with their affiliations in the HTML version, due to formatting errors made by the publisher. This has now been corrected in the HTML version of the Data Descriptor, the affiliations in the PDF were correct from the time of publication.

An earlier study disclosed that migrants from Ru areas were definitely superior to non-migrants with respect to IQ test scores. Since one explanation may be that the more intelligent tend to gravitate to Ur occup's, the relationship between occup and intelligence is investigated. Data include: (1) IQ scores for about 5,000 high school seniors in 116 Missouri communities in 1939-1941; & (2) occup, residence, & parental occup for about 4,000 of the same youths in 1952. 11 occup'al categories are used. IQ is considered `high', `medium', or `low' on basis of test scores and (mean - average) test scores computed for each occup. With regard to own occup it was found that: (1) a rather clear relationship existed between occup and test scores with the professional, teacher, and military groups recruiting a disproportionate number of highs; (2) farmers, semi-skilled, and unskilled workers had a larger number of low score individuals; (3) for M's there was a consistent decrease in average intelligence from 66 for professionals to 43.2 among farmers; & (4) diff's between occup'al categories were not so clear for girls but same pattern prevailed. With regard to parental occup it was found that: (1) the same pattern prevailed as when own occup is used; (2) larger % of highs came from professional backgrounds; & (3) sons and daughters of farmers test below total group. An investigation of occup'al selection through marriage choice supported the general hypothesis for husbands from professions attracted wives disproportionately from high group while wives of farmers, clerical workers, semi-skilled and skilled workers came disproportionately from low group. Explanations of findings are discussed. W. F. Kenkel.

'An attempt to evaluate the relative influence of ability, as measured by score on a standard intelligence test, & occup'al background, as shown by parents' occup, in influencing the selection of an occup.' Data include (1) 'test scores on the Ohio Psychol'al Test for 1,770 M S's in the senior class of small town Mo HSch's in 116 communities during 1939-1940, (2) information concerning parental occup for each S at the time of Sch attendance, & (3) occup's followed by the S's in 1950-1952, 10-12 yrs after completing HSch.' In a previous paper (See SA 2758) IQ was shown to be related both to father's occup (FO) & to S's choice of occup (SO), & SO was shown to be related to FO. The relation between SO & IQ is more marked in this data than that between FO & IQ, suggesting 'that the brighter sons of farmers & workers tend to gravitate upward in the occup'al scale & that duller sons from white-collar homes tend to move downward.' Cross-classifying FO & SO confirms this interpretation, with (mean - average) IQ (46.0) of S's in same occup as father approximating the grand (mean - average) IQ (48.4), (mean - average) IQ (54.0) of S's shifting to high status occup greater than grand X, & (mean - average) IQ (43.7) of S's shifting to low status occup less than grand X. 'The higher scores of those in the upper status occup's are partly due to the fact that they recruit from occup'al backgrounds which disproportionately produce children with high (mean - average) scores but partly, also, because they recruit disproportionately from the superior group in lower status occup's. Conversely, also, there seems to be a tendency for low-score individuals from upper occup'al backgrounds to find their own occup'al niche at a somewhat lower level than that in which their fathers were occupied.' In contrasting FO with IQ it is concluded that 'a father's occup exercises about twice the influence of test intelligence on occup'al choice.' C. R. Shepherd.

A study of 5,011 persons who were high school seniors in 116 small (under 1,000-10,OOD pop.) Missouri communities during the years 1939-40 and 1940-41. The hypothesis is tested that rural urban migration tends to be disproportionately selective of those with higher intelligence (Ohio Psychol. Test) and proficiency (centile scholarship ranking based on 7 semesters' work). Education, occupational, marital, family background, and related information is obtained for each subject by field workers, school records, and mailed questionnaire. The reliability of information obtained by mailed questionnaire is tested and found to warrant considerable confidence. It is indicated that students who withdrew from school before senior year in high school are not included in study and that extent of migration is probably underemphasized since 'no report' group probably contains a large number of migrants. Analysis of the. data reveal: (1) 3/5 of high school seniors are migrants; (2) M and F migrate about equally; (3) the extent of migration is relatively constant for the various SE areas of Missouri as defined by C. E. Lively & C. Gregory; (4) signif. diff, exist (CR, p = .05) between (mean - average) test scores between students in different sized communities (higher scores in larger communities) and between the sexes (girls higher); & (5) (mean - average) IQ scores differ signif. (CR, p = .05) between migrants and non-migrants and between 'short distance movers' (within county or adjoining county) and 'long distance movers' (county other than adjoining or to other state). Interpretations of the findings are presented and related to 'practical problems of educational policy.' W. F. Kenkel.